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Psychology 1A DA > WK 4 - States Of Consciousness > Flashcards

WK 4 - States Of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

The subjective awareness of mental events.

A

Consciousness

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2
Q

The process of focusing conscious awareness, providing heightened sensitivity to a limited range of experience

A

Attention

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3
Q

The biological rhythm that evolved around the daily cycles of light and dark.

A

Circadian rhythms

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4
Q

Most dreaming occurs in which stage of sleep?

A

REM sleep

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5
Q

From a psychodynamic perspective, what are the three types of mental activities?

A

Concious, preconcious and unconscious

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6
Q

Self-report questionnaires, brain imaging techniques and behavioural observation can be used to measure what?

A

Consciousness

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7
Q

Filtering out other conversations at a party is an example of what?

A

Selective attention

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8
Q

‘Paying attention on purpose, in the present moment and nonjudgementally’ describes what?

A

Mindfulness

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9
Q

Being on the phone and someone in the room talking is an example of…

A

Divided attention

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10
Q

Dichotic listening is an example of

A

Divided attention

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11
Q

The mental state of consciousness in which a person performing an activity is fully absorbed in a feeling of energised focus, complete involvement and intrinsic enjoyment of the activity.

A

Flow

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12
Q

The conscious state in which a person turns attention to internal thoughts and imagined scenarios.

A

Daydreams

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13
Q

Subliminal perception can have an impact on conscious thought and behaviour.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Sensory deprivation, hypnosis and meditation are examples of ________________

A

Psychologically induced states of consciousness

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15
Q

Hallucinations, orgasm and food/oxygen starvation, are examples of ________________

A

Physiologically induced states of consciousness

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16
Q

Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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17
Q

Everyone dreams at night.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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18
Q

If you’re sleepy, raising the volume of your radio is a great way to stay awake while driving.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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19
Q

No matter how sleepy you are, you can force yourself to stay awake.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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20
Q

Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need for sleep.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or psychological problems.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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22
Q

Sleeping just one hour less a night can prevent you from learning or functioning normally.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Snoring is never harmful as long as it doesn’t disturb others.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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24
Q

The human body never fully adjusts to night shift work.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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25
Q

As an adult, the older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you need.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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26
Q

Sleep stages can be measured and assessed by ____________.

A

EEG

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27
Q

Decreasing responsiveness to a drug over time

A

Tolerance

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28
Q

In which sleep stage does brain activity mimic that of being awake?

A

REM

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29
Q

Meditation, hypnosis, drugs and religious experiences can all induce _____________

A

Altered states of consciousness

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30
Q

What is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world?

A

Alcohol

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31
Q

Depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens are examples of _____________.

A

Psychoactive substances

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32
Q

Drugs that slow down the nervous system

A

Depressants

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33
Q

A research technique whereby participants report on the contents of consciousness at specified times

A

Experience sampling

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34
Q

Drugs that produce hallucinations

A

Hallucinogens

35
Q

Drugs that increase alertness, energy and reactivity

A

Stimulants

36
Q

I have a mole on my shoulder that is slowly getting darker. I decide to ignore it because I don’t want to find out if it’s cancerous or not. I am exhibiting:

A

Selective inattention

37
Q

A group of friends and I went to a show with a famous hypnotist. My friend went on stage and was deeply hypnotised in no time. She displays:

A

Hypnotic susceptibility

38
Q

If our circadian clocks are not reset each morning by exposure to light they tend to run ________ than 24 hours.

A

longer

39
Q

Stages ____________ are often referred to as slow-wave sleep. During these stages, the body is relaxed and people are usually hard to wake.

A

three and four

40
Q

We cycle through the sleep stages approximately every ________ minutes

A

90

41
Q

What is the term for the biological process that regulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness in humans?
a) Melatonin
b) Circadian rhythm
c) REM sleep
d) Sleep apnea

A

b) Circadian rhythm

42
Q

Which stage of sleep is characterized by slow brain waves, relaxed muscles, and a decrease in heart rate and breathing?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) REM sleep

A

c) Stage 3

43
Q

Which theory of dreaming suggests that dreams are a way to process and consolidate information from the day?
a) Activation-synthesis theory
b) Neurocognitive theory
c) Cognitive theory
d) Psychoanalytic theory

A

c) Cognitive theory

44
Q

What is the term for the experience of waking up and being unable to move or speak?
a) Sleepwalking
b) Night terrors
c) Sleep paralysis
d) REM behaviour disorder

A

c) Sleep paralysis

45
Q

What is the recommended amount of sleep for adults, according to the National Sleep Foundation?
a) 6-7 hours
b) 7-8 hours
c) 8-9 hours
d) 9-10 hours

A

b) 7-8 hours

46
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the regulation of sleep and wakefulness?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) Acetylcholine
d) GABA

A

a) Serotonin

47
Q

Which sleep disorder is characterized by loud snoring, pauses in breathing, and daytime fatigue?
a) Insomnia
b) Narcolepsy
c) Sleep apnea
d) Restless legs syndrome

A

c) Sleep apnea

48
Q

What is the term for the phenomenon of feeling tired during the day despite getting a full night’s sleep?
a) Sleep apnea
b) Insomnia
c) Hypersomnia
d) Jet lag

A

c) Hypersomnia

49
Q

Which sleep disorder is characterized by recurrent nightmares that cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning?
a) Night terrors
b) Insomnia
c) REM sleep behavior disorder
d) Nightmare disorder

A

d) Nightmare disorder

50
Q

Which hormone is released during sleep and is associated with feelings of hunger and appetite?
a) Cortisol
b) Leptin
c) Ghrelin
d) Melatonin

A

c) Ghrelin

51
Q

What is an altered state of consciousness?
a) A state of being fully alert and aware of one’s surroundings
b) A state in which an individual experiences changes in their thoughts, feelings, or perceptions
c) A state of deep sleep

A

b) A state in which an individual experiences changes in their thoughts, feelings, or perceptions

52
Q

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating sleep and wakefulness?
a) Hippocampus
b) Cerebellum
c) Hypothalamus

A

c) Hypothalamus

53
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of a lucid dream?
a) The dreamer is unaware that they are dreaming
b) The dreamer has some degree of control over the dream
c) The dream is always a nightmare

A

b) The dreamer has some degree of control over the dream

54
Q

What is the name of the substance found in the peyote cactus that is known for its hallucinogenic properties?
a) Psilocybin
b) Mescaline
c) DMT

A

b) Mescaline

55
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of marijuana use?
a) Increased appetite
b) Decreased heart rate
c) Altered perception of time

A

b) Decreased heart rate

56
Q

What is the term used to describe the state of heightened suggestibility that can be induced through hypnosis?
a) Trance
b) Meditation
c) Altered reality

A

a) Trance

57
Q

What is the name of the technique used in some meditation practices where the meditator focuses on their breath to quiet the mind?
a) Vipassana
b) Transcendental
c) Zen

A

a) Vipassana

58
Q

Which of the following is a potential danger associated with the use of hallucinogenic drugs?
a) Physical addiction
b) Increased risk of heart disease
c) Bad trips and psychological distress

A

c) Bad trips and psychological distress

59
Q

What is the name of the phenomenon where an individual feels detached from their body and surroundings?
a) Sleepwalking
b) Out-of-body experience
c) Hypnagogic state

A

b) Out-of-body experience

60
Q

___________ are drugs that mimic the receptor effects of a neurotransmitter

A

Agonists

61
Q

____________ are drugs that block the receptor effects of a neurotransmitter

A

Antagonists

62
Q

Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

63
Q

Daydreaming, drowsiness and dreaming are examples of ________________

A

Spontaneously induced states of consciousness

64
Q

Consciousness serves at least two functions:

A
  1. monitoring the self and the environment
  2. controlling thought and behaviour.
65
Q

perception of stimuli below the threshold of consciousness

A

subliminal perception

66
Q

1 The alertness component of consciousness appears to be regulated by:LO8.1

A a portion of the amygdala.

B some areas of the thalamus.

C the reticular formation.

D areas in the temporal lobe.

A

C the reticular formation.

67
Q

2 Two functions of consciousness are: LO8.1

A focusing conscious awareness and filtering information.

B regulating thought and behaviour and monitoring the self and the environment.

C orienting to sensory stimuli and controlling behaviour.

D splitting attention between two complex tasks and focusing conscious awareness.

A

B regulating thought and behaviour and monitoring the self and the environment.

68
Q

3 Which of the following is NOT a method used by researchers to measure consciousness?LO8.1

A Self-report questionnaires

B Direct observation

C Brain imaging

D All of the options can be used to measure consciousness

A

D All of the options can be used to measure consciousness

69
Q

4 Which of the below terms describes a mental state of operation in which a person is fully immersed, highly focused and receives intrinsic enjoyment?LO8.1

A Daydreaming

B Flow

C Meditation

D Sleep

A

B Flow

70
Q

5 As defined by Freud, _______ mental processes are not presently conscious, but could be readily brought to consciousness if the need arose. LO8.2

A subliminal

B preconscious

C repressed

D unconscious

A

B preconscious

71
Q

6 The cognitive unconscious primarily includes: LO8.2

A sensory modalities that exist in a preconscious state.

B working memory and access routes to long-term memory applications.

C information processing mechanisms that operate outside of awareness.

D suppressed information that is difficult, if not impossible, to access.

A

C information processing mechanisms that operate outside of awareness.

72
Q

7 Strengths of unconscious processing include all but which of the following?LO8.2

A They are extremely fast and efficient.

B They can operate simultaneously.

C They are more flexible than conscious processes.

D They can lead to adaptive responses.

A

C They are more flexible than conscious processes.

73
Q

8 During a typical night’s sleep, a complete cycle of REM and NREM sleep occurs about every:LO8.3

A 90 minutes.

B 4 hours.

C 30 minutes.

D hour.

A

A 90 minutes.

74
Q

9 According to Freud’s theories of dreams, dreams are chaotic because: LO8.3

A conscious processes are associative and help create dreams.

B unconscious processes are non-associative and therefore irrational.

C unconscious processes are associative and during sleep no logical, rational processes monitor the story.

D they are the product of random electrical activity in the cortex.

A

C unconscious processes are associative and during sleep no logical, rational processes monitor the story.

75
Q

10 What type of wave activity is marked in Stage 2 sleep?LO8.3

A Theta and k-complexes

B Sleep spindles and k-complexes

C Delta and theta

D Beta and alpha

A

B Sleep spindles and k-complexes

76
Q

11 Alcohol derives its powerful effects from all except for which of the following?LO8.4

A The tendency to not be psychologically addictive.

B The ability to reduce anxiety.

C The ability to enhance pleasure.

D The tendency to provide a powerful reinforcement.

A

A The tendency to not be psychologically addictive.

77
Q

12 Cigarette smokers report that smoking increases their arousal and alertness, while also providing a soothing effect. Nicotine has these effects on the body because it influences: LO8.4

A the sympathetic system.

B the parasympathetic system.

C both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

D none of the options listed.

A

C both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

78
Q

13 Which of the following psychoactive substances is not a stimulant?LO8.4

A Caffeine

B Alcohol

C Cocaine

D Amphetamines

A

B Alcohol

Alcohol is not a stimulant but rather a depressant. It slows down the central nervous system, leading to impaired cognitive functions, reduced reaction times, and decreased motor coordination. The other substances listed – caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines – are all stimulants, as they increase alertness, energy levels, and overall central nervous system activity.

79
Q

Contrary to what many people who rely on alcohol to elevate their mood believe, alcohol is a ______

A

depressant

80
Q

According to the biological perspective, memories are consolidated during _____ and erased during _____.

a.
NREM sleep; REM sleep

b.
cortical activity; hippocampal activity

c.
activity of the lateral geniculate nucleus; cortical activity

d.
REM sleep; NREM sleep

A

a.
NREM sleep; REM sleep

81
Q

Ethan has been highly alert playing a video game but then lies back on the couch and starts to relax. It is likely that his brain waves will have changed from ____ to ____ waves as he made the transition.

a.
delta; theta

b.
alpha; beta

c.
beta; alpha

d.
theta; delta

A

c.
beta; alpha

82
Q

Research on priming has demonstrated that in a dichotic listening task the information presented in the unattended channel:
Question 15Select one:

a.
is completely unnoticed.

b.
is attended to on some level.

c.
occupies more processing space in the brain than the attended channel.

d.
enters the midbrain but never reaches the cortex.

A

b.
is attended to on some level.

83
Q

He idea that one’s consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders, characterises William James’s concept that consciousness is

A

A partially submerged iceberg

Psychology 1A DA (9 decks)

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