WK 4 - States Of Consciousness Flashcards
1
Q
The subjective awareness of mental events.
A
Consciousness
2
Q
The process of focusing conscious awareness, providing heightened sensitivity to a limited range of experience
A
Attention
3
Q
The biological rhythm that evolved around the daily cycles of light and dark.
A
Circadian rhythms
4
Q
Most dreaming occurs in which stage of sleep?
A
REM sleep
5
Q
From a psychodynamic perspective, what are the three types of mental activities?
A
Concious, preconcious and unconscious
6
Q
Self-report questionnaires, brain imaging techniques and behavioural observation can be used to measure what?
A
Consciousness
7
Q
Filtering out other conversations at a party is an example of what?
A
Selective attention
8
Q
‘Paying attention on purpose, in the present moment and nonjudgementally’ describes what?
A
Mindfulness
9
Q
Being on the phone and someone in the room talking is an example of…
A
Divided attention
10
Q
Dichotic listening is an example of
A
Divided attention
11
Q
The mental state of consciousness in which a person performing an activity is fully absorbed in a feeling of energised focus, complete involvement and intrinsic enjoyment of the activity.
A
Flow
12
Q
The conscious state in which a person turns attention to internal thoughts and imagined scenarios.
A
Daydreams
13
Q
Subliminal perception can have an impact on conscious thought and behaviour.
TRUE or FALSE
A
TRUE
14
Q
Sensory deprivation, hypnosis and meditation are examples of ________________
A
Psychologically induced states of consciousness
15
Q
Hallucinations, orgasm and food/oxygen starvation, are examples of ________________
A
Physiologically induced states of consciousness
16
Q
Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep.
TRUE or FALSE
A
FALSE
17
Q
Everyone dreams at night.
TRUE or FALSE
A
TRUE
18
Q
If you’re sleepy, raising the volume of your radio is a great way to stay awake while driving.
TRUE or FALSE
A
FALSE
19
Q
No matter how sleepy you are, you can force yourself to stay awake.
TRUE or FALSE
A
FALSE
20
Q
Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need for sleep.
TRUE or FALSE
A
TRUE
21
Q
Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or psychological problems.
TRUE or FALSE
A
FALSE
22
Q
Sleeping just one hour less a night can prevent you from learning or functioning normally.
TRUE or FALSE
A
TRUE
23
Q
Snoring is never harmful as long as it doesn’t disturb others.
TRUE or FALSE
A
FALSE
24
Q
The human body never fully adjusts to night shift work.
TRUE or FALSE
A
TRUE
25
As an adult, the older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you need.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
26
Sleep stages can be measured and assessed by ____________.
EEG
27
Decreasing responsiveness to a drug over time
Tolerance
28
In which sleep stage does brain activity mimic that of being awake?
REM
29
Meditation, hypnosis, drugs and religious experiences can all induce _____________
Altered states of consciousness
30
What is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world?
Alcohol
31
Depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens are examples of _____________.
Psychoactive substances
32
Drugs that slow down the nervous system
Depressants
33
A research technique whereby participants report on the contents of consciousness at specified times
Experience sampling
34
Drugs that produce hallucinations
Hallucinogens
35
Drugs that increase alertness, energy and reactivity
Stimulants
36
I have a mole on my shoulder that is slowly getting darker. I decide to ignore it because I don't want to find out if it's cancerous or not. I am exhibiting:
Selective inattention
37
A group of friends and I went to a show with a famous hypnotist. My friend went on stage and was deeply hypnotised in no time. She displays:
Hypnotic susceptibility
38
If our circadian clocks are not reset each morning by exposure to light they tend to run ________ than 24 hours.
longer
39
Stages ____________ are often referred to as slow-wave sleep. During these stages, the body is relaxed and people are usually hard to wake.
three and four
40
We cycle through the sleep stages approximately every ________ minutes
90
41
What is the term for the biological process that regulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness in humans?
a) Melatonin
b) Circadian rhythm
c) REM sleep
d) Sleep apnea
b) Circadian rhythm
42
Which stage of sleep is characterized by slow brain waves, relaxed muscles, and a decrease in heart rate and breathing?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) REM sleep
c) Stage 3
43
Which theory of dreaming suggests that dreams are a way to process and consolidate information from the day?
a) Activation-synthesis theory
b) Neurocognitive theory
c) Cognitive theory
d) Psychoanalytic theory
c) Cognitive theory
44
What is the term for the experience of waking up and being unable to move or speak?
a) Sleepwalking
b) Night terrors
c) Sleep paralysis
d) REM behaviour disorder
c) Sleep paralysis
45
What is the recommended amount of sleep for adults, according to the National Sleep Foundation?
a) 6-7 hours
b) 7-8 hours
c) 8-9 hours
d) 9-10 hours
b) 7-8 hours
46
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the regulation of sleep and wakefulness?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) Acetylcholine
d) GABA
a) Serotonin
47
Which sleep disorder is characterized by loud snoring, pauses in breathing, and daytime fatigue?
a) Insomnia
b) Narcolepsy
c) Sleep apnea
d) Restless legs syndrome
c) Sleep apnea
48
What is the term for the phenomenon of feeling tired during the day despite getting a full night's sleep?
a) Sleep apnea
b) Insomnia
c) Hypersomnia
d) Jet lag
c) Hypersomnia
49
Which sleep disorder is characterized by recurrent nightmares that cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning?
a) Night terrors
b) Insomnia
c) REM sleep behavior disorder
d) Nightmare disorder
d) Nightmare disorder
50
Which hormone is released during sleep and is associated with feelings of hunger and appetite?
a) Cortisol
b) Leptin
c) Ghrelin
d) Melatonin
c) Ghrelin
51
What is an altered state of consciousness?
a) A state of being fully alert and aware of one's surroundings
b) A state in which an individual experiences changes in their thoughts, feelings, or perceptions
c) A state of deep sleep
b) A state in which an individual experiences changes in their thoughts, feelings, or perceptions
52
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating sleep and wakefulness?
a) Hippocampus
b) Cerebellum
c) Hypothalamus
c) Hypothalamus
53
Which of the following is a characteristic of a lucid dream?
a) The dreamer is unaware that they are dreaming
b) The dreamer has some degree of control over the dream
c) The dream is always a nightmare
b) The dreamer has some degree of control over the dream
54
What is the name of the substance found in the peyote cactus that is known for its hallucinogenic properties?
a) Psilocybin
b) Mescaline
c) DMT
b) Mescaline
55
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of marijuana use?
a) Increased appetite
b) Decreased heart rate
c) Altered perception of time
b) Decreased heart rate
56
What is the term used to describe the state of heightened suggestibility that can be induced through hypnosis?
a) Trance
b) Meditation
c) Altered reality
a) Trance
57
What is the name of the technique used in some meditation practices where the meditator focuses on their breath to quiet the mind?
a) Vipassana
b) Transcendental
c) Zen
a) Vipassana
58
Which of the following is a potential danger associated with the use of hallucinogenic drugs?
a) Physical addiction
b) Increased risk of heart disease
c) Bad trips and psychological distress
c) Bad trips and psychological distress
59
What is the name of the phenomenon where an individual feels detached from their body and surroundings?
a) Sleepwalking
b) Out-of-body experience
c) Hypnagogic state
b) Out-of-body experience
60
___________ are drugs that mimic the receptor effects of a neurotransmitter
Agonists
61
____________ are drugs that block the receptor effects of a neurotransmitter
Antagonists
62
Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
63
Daydreaming, drowsiness and dreaming are examples of ________________
Spontaneously induced states of consciousness
64
Consciousness serves at least two functions:
1. **monitoring** the self and the environment
2. **controlling** thought and behaviour.
65
perception of stimuli below the threshold of consciousness
subliminal perception
66
1 The alertness component of consciousness appears to be regulated by:LO8.1
A a portion of the amygdala.
B some areas of the thalamus.
C the reticular formation.
D areas in the temporal lobe.
C the reticular formation.
67
2 Two functions of consciousness are: LO8.1
A focusing conscious awareness and filtering information.
B regulating thought and behaviour and monitoring the self and the environment.
C orienting to sensory stimuli and controlling behaviour.
D splitting attention between two complex tasks and focusing conscious awareness.
B regulating thought and behaviour and monitoring the self and the environment.
68
3 Which of the following is NOT a method used by researchers to measure consciousness?LO8.1
A Self-report questionnaires
B Direct observation
C Brain imaging
D All of the options can be used to measure consciousness
D All of the options can be used to measure consciousness
69
4 Which of the below terms describes a mental state of operation in which a person is fully immersed, highly focused and receives intrinsic enjoyment?LO8.1
A Daydreaming
B Flow
C Meditation
D Sleep
B Flow
70
5 As defined by Freud, _______ mental processes are not presently conscious, but could be readily brought to consciousness if the need arose. LO8.2
A subliminal
B preconscious
C repressed
D unconscious
B preconscious
71
6 The cognitive unconscious primarily includes: LO8.2
A sensory modalities that exist in a preconscious state.
B working memory and access routes to long-term memory applications.
C information processing mechanisms that operate outside of awareness.
D suppressed information that is difficult, if not impossible, to access.
C information processing mechanisms that operate outside of awareness.
72
7 Strengths of unconscious processing include all **but** which of the following?LO8.2
A They are extremely fast and efficient.
B They can operate simultaneously.
C They are more flexible than conscious processes.
D They can lead to adaptive responses.
C They are more flexible than conscious processes.
73
8 During a typical night’s sleep, a complete cycle of REM and NREM sleep occurs about every:LO8.3
A 90 minutes.
B 4 hours.
C 30 minutes.
D hour.
A 90 minutes.
74
9 According to Freud’s theories of dreams, dreams are chaotic because: LO8.3
A conscious processes are associative and help create dreams.
B unconscious processes are non-associative and therefore irrational.
C unconscious processes are associative and during sleep no logical, rational processes monitor the story.
D they are the product of random electrical activity in the cortex.
C unconscious processes are associative and during sleep no logical, rational processes monitor the story.
75
10 What type of wave activity is marked in Stage 2 sleep?LO8.3
A Theta and k-complexes
B Sleep spindles and k-complexes
C Delta and theta
D Beta and alpha
B Sleep spindles and k-complexes
76
11 Alcohol derives its powerful effects from all except for which of the following?LO8.4
A The tendency to not be psychologically addictive.
B The ability to reduce anxiety.
C The ability to enhance pleasure.
D The tendency to provide a powerful reinforcement.
A The tendency to not be psychologically addictive.
77
12 Cigarette smokers report that smoking increases their arousal and alertness, while also providing a soothing effect. Nicotine has these effects on the body because it influences: LO8.4
A the sympathetic system.
B the parasympathetic system.
C both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
D none of the options listed.
C both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
78
13 Which of the following psychoactive substances is not a stimulant?LO8.4
A Caffeine
B Alcohol
C Cocaine
D Amphetamines
**B Alcohol**
Alcohol is not a stimulant but rather a depressant. It slows down the central nervous system, leading to impaired cognitive functions, reduced reaction times, and decreased motor coordination. The other substances listed – caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines – are all stimulants, as they increase alertness, energy levels, and overall central nervous system activity.
79
Contrary to what many people who rely on alcohol to elevate their mood believe, alcohol is a ______
depressant
80
According to the biological perspective, memories are consolidated during _____ and erased during _____.
a.
NREM sleep; REM sleep
b.
cortical activity; hippocampal activity
c.
activity of the lateral geniculate nucleus; cortical activity
d.
REM sleep; NREM sleep
a.
NREM sleep; REM sleep
81
Ethan has been highly alert playing a video game but then lies back on the couch and starts to relax. It is likely that his brain waves will have changed from ____ to ____ waves as he made the transition.
a.
delta; theta
b.
alpha; beta
c.
beta; alpha
d.
theta; delta
c.
beta; alpha
82
Research on priming has demonstrated that in a dichotic listening task the information presented in the unattended channel:
Question 15Select one:
a.
is completely unnoticed.
b.
is attended to on some level.
c.
occupies more processing space in the brain than the attended channel.
d.
enters the midbrain but never reaches the cortex.
b.
is attended to on some level.
83
He idea that one’s consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders, characterises William James’s concept that consciousness is
A partially submerged iceberg
