WK 3 - Ethics & critical evaluation Flashcards
A participant’s ability to agree to participate in a study in an informed manner.
Informed consent
Systematic errors in observation or results caused by the observer’s expectations regarding the outcome of the study.
Observer bias
A phenomenon in which an experimental intervention produces an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect.
Placebo effect
Studies in which participants and the experimenter are not aware of important aspects of the research.
Double-blind studies
A group of participants in an experiment who receive a relatively neutral condition to serve as a comparison group.
Control group
The deliberate act of not revealing the true purpose of an experiment to a participant before the study commences
Deception
The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalised to situations outside the laboratory
External validiy
A fallacy in argument based on attacking an opposing argument for the purpose of strengthening one’s own argument.
Straw man
Which type of study design involves randomly assigning participants to different groups to compare their outcomes?
Experimental
Which type of study involves following a group of participants over a long period of time?
Longitudional
Three main principles in the APS Code of Ethics
- Respect for the Rights and Dignity of People
- Propriety
- Integrity
Five 5 principles of the NHMRC guidelines
Merit, integrity, justice, beneficence, respect
Remember this: mom is jogging before relaxing
The ethical principle that requires that a study has a potential benefit or contributes to knowledge
Merit
The ethical principle that research is done honestly and is open to public scrutiny
Integrity
The ethical principle that requires that participants are treated fairly
Justice
The ethical principle that requires that benefits of research outweigh any risks, harm or discomfort
Beneficence
The ethical principle that requires researchers to recognise and maintain each person’s privacy, welfare, beliefs, culture and capacity to give informed consent
Respect
What are the 3Rs for the use of animals for scientific purposes
Replacement of animals with other methods
Reduction in the number of animals used
Refinement of techniques used to minimise the adverse impacts on animals
The way participants’ perceptions of the researcher’s goal influence their responses
Demand characteristics
A participant’s ability to agree to participate in a study in an informed manner
Informed consent
Systematic errors in measurement due to the researcher seeing what he or she expects to see
Researcher bias/experimenter bias
Research designs that employ the logic of experimental methods but lack absolute control over variables
Quasi-experimental designs
The fallacy that an argument must be true because of the authority or reputation of the person making it
appeals to authority
The fallacy that a popular or widely believed argument is true
appeals to popularity
The fallacy in argument based on attacking the authors of alternative arguments
Arguments directed to the person
Three key principles underpin critical thinking:
(1) scepticism,
(2) objectivity
(3) open-mindedness
Four common fallacies in arguments are
(1) straw man,
(2) appeals to popularity,
(3) appeals to authority and
(4) arguments directed to the person.
To evaluate a study, a critical reader should ask a number of questions about:
1.the theoretical framework,
2.the sample,
3. the measures and procedures,
4. the results,
5. the broader conclusions drawn
6. the ethics of the research
