WK 3 - Ethics & critical evaluation

Question 1

A participant’s ability to agree to participate in a study in an informed manner.

Answer 1

Informed consent

Question 2

Systematic errors in observation or results caused by the observer’s expectations regarding the outcome of the study.

Answer 2

Observer bias

Question 3

A phenomenon in which an experimental intervention produces an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect.

Answer 3

Placebo effect

Question 4

Studies in which participants and the experimenter are not aware of important aspects of the research.

Answer 4

Double-blind studies

Question 5

A group of participants in an experiment who receive a relatively neutral condition to serve as a comparison group.

Answer 5

Control group

Question 6

The deliberate act of not revealing the true purpose of an experiment to a participant before the study commences

Answer 6

Deception

Question 7

The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalised to situations outside the laboratory

Answer 7

External validiy

Question 8

A fallacy in argument based on attacking an opposing argument for the purpose of strengthening one’s own argument.

Answer 8

Straw man

Question 9

Which type of study design involves randomly assigning participants to different groups to compare their outcomes?

Answer 9

Experimental

Question 10

Which type of study involves following a group of participants over a long period of time?

Answer 10

Longitudional

Question 11

Three main principles in the APS Code of Ethics

Answer 11

• Respect for the Rights and Dignity of People
• Propriety
• Integrity

Question 12

Five 5 principles of the NHMRC guidelines

Answer 12

Merit, integrity, justice, beneficence, respect

Remember this: mom is jogging before relaxing

Question 13

The ethical principle that requires that a study has a potential benefit or contributes to knowledge

Answer 13

Merit

Question 14

The ethical principle that research is done honestly and is open to public scrutiny

Answer 14

Integrity

Question 15

The ethical principle that requires that participants are treated fairly

Answer 15

Justice

Question 16

The ethical principle that requires that benefits of research outweigh any risks, harm or discomfort

Answer 16

Beneficence

Question 17

The ethical principle that requires researchers to recognise and maintain each person’s privacy, welfare, beliefs, culture and capacity to give informed consent

Answer 17

Respect

Question 18

What are the 3Rs for the use of animals for scientific purposes

Answer 18

Replacement of animals with other methods
Reduction in the number of animals used
Refinement of techniques used to minimise the adverse impacts on animals

Question 19

The way participants’ perceptions of the researcher’s goal influence their responses

Answer 19

Demand characteristics

Question 20

A participant’s ability to agree to participate in a study in an informed manner

Answer 20

Informed consent

Question 21

Systematic errors in measurement due to the researcher seeing what he or she expects to see

Answer 21

Researcher bias/experimenter bias

Question 22

Research designs that employ the logic of experimental methods but lack absolute control over variables

Answer 22

Quasi-experimental designs

Question 23

The fallacy that an argument must be true because of the authority or reputation of the person making it

Answer 23

appeals to authority

Question 24

The fallacy that a popular or widely believed argument is true

Answer 24

appeals to popularity

Question 25

The fallacy in argument based on attacking the authors of alternative arguments

Answer 25

Arguments directed to the person

Question 26

Three key principles underpin critical thinking:

Answer 26

(1) scepticism,
(2) objectivity
(3) open-mindedness

Question 27

Four common fallacies in arguments are

Answer 27

(1) straw man,
(2) appeals to popularity,
(3) appeals to authority and
(4) arguments directed to the person.

Question 28

To evaluate a study, a critical reader should ask a number of questions about:

Answer 28

1.the theoretical framework,
2.the sample,
3. the measures and procedures,
4. the results,
5. the broader conclusions drawn
6. the ethics of the research