WK 5 - The Brain and Nervous System Flashcards
a neurotransmitter invovles learning, movement, memory, major role in excitatory messages
Glutamate
A neurotransmitter that affects the nervous system involving thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour.
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, sleep, eating, arousal and pain.
Seratonin
A neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Hormones that elevate mood and reduce pain.
Endorphins
Insulates the axon so the action potential is faster
myelin sheath
Prepares the body in response to a threat
sympathetic nervous system
When two individuals are having a conversation, which two regions of the brain are used?
Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
The brain’s outermost layer of nerve cell tissue. It has a wrinkled appearance from its many folds and grooves and plays a key role in memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, and consciousness.
Cerebral Cortex
What carries information from cell to cell within the nervous system as well as to and from muscles and organs
neurons
Which area of the brain is particularly important for storing new information in memory so that the person can later consciously remember it?
Hippocampus
Which lobe is found in the back of the brain and is the location of the brain’s visual system?
Occipital lobe
A tennis player swings to hit a ball with their left arm. Which area of the brain would help control movement of the arm?
Right motor cortex
Cocaine achieves it’s effect by inhibiting ______ -
reuptake
After a stroke, a man is still able to talk, but not to understand the speech of others, even though he can hear that language sounds are being produced. They have probably suffered damage to ____________.
Wernicke’s area
What is the largest part of the human brain?
Cerebrum
What is the function of the frontal lobe in the brain?
Planning, decision making and personality
What is the main role of the brainstem?
Regulating unconscious body functions
What is the process by which the brain interprets and processes sensory information called?
Perception
What is the function of the amygdala in the brain?
- attach emotional signficance to events. ( childhood trauma link to smaller amygdala)
- fear response
- recognising fearlful emotion
What type of brain cells are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses?
Neurons
What is the function of the neuro transmitter dopamine in the brain?
Regulates mood, movement & rewards
What part of the brain relays sensory messages to the cortex?
Thalamus
The thick band of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
The most primitive part of the brain
Hindbrain
The thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus are all a part of the ___________ system.
Limbic
Responsible for language, hearing, visual pattern and recognition.
Temporal lobe
The lobe responsible for vision
Occipital lobes
A neurotransmitter involved in thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour.
Dopamine
Involved in complex sensory, emotional, cognitive and behavioural process and consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum.
Forebrain
______________ allows the brain to continue to develop and change itself in response to neural, environmental and behavioural experiences
Neuroplasticity
The autonomic nervous system involved in conserving and maintaining the body’s energy resources.
Parasympathetic nervous system
A neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal and pain.
Serotonin
A branch of the autonomic nervous system, typically activated in response to threats to the organism, which readies the body for ‘fight-or-flight’ reactions.
Sympathetic nervous system
A brain structure located in the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension.
Wernicke’s area
Necessary for speech production
Broca’s area
What carry’s sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Sensory neurons
What transmits commands from the brain to the glands and muscles of the body?
Motor neurons
What connects neuron’s with each other?
Interneurons
Axons are often covered with ________ for more efficient electrical transmission.
myelin
The voltage at which a neutron is not firing
Resting potential
When a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.
action potential
A collection of glands that control various bodily functions through the secretion of hormones
Endocrine system
The part of the nervous system that controls basic life processes such as the beating heart and breathing.
autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that receives information through sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and other parts of the body.
somatic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that carries messages to and from the central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system
What is the function of the brainstem in the brain?
Regulating unconscious body functions
What is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?
Movement and coordination
What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?
Emotions and memories
Which region of the brain is responsible for regulating basic bodily functions such as hunger and thirst?
Hypothalamus
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
The brain and spinal cord make up which part of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System and Enteric Nervous System all make up part of which nervous system?
Peripheral Nervous System
What are the three basic parts of a neuron?
Soma (cell body), dendrites (listeners), axon (talker)
What role does an axon play in a neuron?
Transmits messages to other cells
What role do dendrites play in a neuron?
Receive information from other cells
What are the contact points that connect neurons?
Synapses
Which neurotransmitter helps control alertness and arousal?
Norepinephrine
GABA is ______________ neurotransmitters
Inhibitory
_____________ & ______________ act on the brain to effect and regulate our body
Hormones, neurotransmitters
Adrenal glands, pancreas, thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, pertuatary gland, testes and ovaries are all a part of the ____________ system.
Endocrine system
Hormone responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response
Adrenaline
The space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.
Synaptic Gap
Cells that support neurons and hold them in place
Glial cells
Three major types of neurons:
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
What is the part of the brain responsible for regulating basic functions like breathing and heart rate?
Medulla oblongata
Which cortex located in the parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information like touch and temperature?
Somatosensory cortex
What is the part of the brain responsible for voluntary movement and coordination?
Cerebellum
Which part of the brain is responsible for emotions, motivation, learning and memory?
Limbic system
What is the part of the brain responsible for memory and learning?
Hippocampus
Which part of the brain is responsible for vision?
Occipital lobe
What is the part of the brain responsible for processing auditory information?
Auditory cortex
Which part of the brain is responsible for decision-making and impulse control?
Pre-frontal coretex
In which lobes of the cerebral cortex is the auditory cortex located?
Temporal lobes
In which lobes of the cerebral cortex is the pre-frontal cortex located?
Frontal lobes
In which lobes of the cerebral cortex is the somatosensory cortex located?
Parietal lobes
The creation of new neurons. the process by which neurons can be produced or repair themselves structurally or biochemically in the CNS.
Neurogenesis
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
To transmit sensory information to the central nervous system
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the name of the type of neuron that transmits information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands?
Motor neurons
Neurotransmitter found in all motor neurons and involved in all body movement. It also plays a role in learning and memory.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
roughly ____ percent of people who complain of depression actually have undiagnosed hypothyroidism
10%
The neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, sleep, eating, emotional arousal and pain regulation is:
A dopamine.
B serotonin.
C acetylcholine.
D endorphin.
B serotonin.
Which of the following best states the purpose of neurons? LO6.1
A Neurons receive information from the brain and carry out motor activities through messages via the spine.
B Neurons transmit information to the brain from sensory cells either directly or by way of the spinal cord.
C Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system which direct vital bodily functions such as digestion and heartbeat.
D Neurons carry information from cell to cell within the nervous system as well as to and from muscles and organs.
D Neurons carry information from cell to cell within the nervous system as well as to and from muscles and organs.
The degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain causes which disease?LO6.1
A Huntington’s disease
B Alzheimer’s disease
C Diabetes
D Parkinson’s disease
D Parkinson’s disease
A collection of glands that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream is called the: LO6.2
A secretion system.
B limbic system.
C endocrine system.
D enkephalin system.
C endocrine system.
The pituitary gland is often described as the ‘master gland’ because: LO6.2
A it inhibits the production of most neurotransmitter substances.
B secretions from the pituitary produce hyperthyroidism.
C several glands increase pituitary output.
D many of its hormones stimulate and regulate other glands.
D many of its hormones stimulate and regulate other glands.
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are subdivisions of the ______. LO6.3
A central nervous system
B sympathetic nervous system
C peripheral nervous system
D autonomic nervous system
C peripheral nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for: LO6.3
A cognitive functioning.
B emotional responses.
C basic life processes.
D sensory/motor commands.
C basic life processes.
A ‘knee jerk’ reaction is classed as a:LO6.3
A voluntary reaction.
B reflex arc.
C fight or flight reaction.
D a somatic arc.
B reflex arc.
The occipital lobes are located in the _____ portion of the cortex and are specialised for ______LO6.4
A left; sense of touch
B frontal; speech
C rear; vision
D rear; movement
C rear; vision
The structure within the limbic system that is particularly involved in learning and remembering emotionally significant events is the:LO6.4
A amygdala.
B hippocampus.
C septal area.
D basal ganglia.
A amygdala.
Which of the following terms is used to describe changes in the structure and functioning of the brain in response to neural, environmental and behavioural experiences?
A Neurogenesis
B Pathology
C Neurology
D Neuroplasticity
D Neuroplasticity
The structures of the forebrain include the:
A cerebrum, tectum and tegmentum
B reticular formation, medulla and cerebrum
C hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum
D hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebellum
C hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum
Cognitive ___________ focus on inferring normal models of cognitive functioning from abnormal neural functioning.LO6.4
A psychiatrists
B neuropsychologists
C neurologists
D neuroscientists
B neuropsychologists
A heritability coefficient in the range of 50 percent means: LO6.5
A heredity is 50 times as important as environment.
B heredity is .50 times as important as environment.
C 50 percent of the variability is due to heredity.
D nothing; this is not a valid expression of a heritability coefficient.
D nothing; this is not a valid expression of a heritability coefficient.
Psychologists interested in genetics study the influence of genetic blueprints, referred to as ________, on observable psychological attributes or qualities, referred to as _______.
A heritability coefficients, degree of relatedness
B phenotypes, genotypes
C chromosomes, genes
D genotypes, phenotypes
D genotypes, phenotypes
As animals, and particularly mammals, evolved, the most dramatic changes occurred in the ____ and forebrain
hindbrain
which part of brain specialised for sensing nearby stimuli, notably smells and taste?
forebrain
Which part of brain specialised for control of movement?
hindbrain
Which part of brain specialised for sensation at a distance, namely vision and hearing?
midbrain
_____ damage can affect sleep patterns as well as the ability to be alert or attentive
Reticular
Damage to the reticular formation is a major cause of ___.
coma
The reticular formation is mostly involved in _____ and ____.
consciousness
arousal
The midbrain consists of the ___ and __.
tectum
tegmentum
_______suggests that the brain is a dynamic organ that continues to develop and change itself in response to neural, environmental and behavioural
Neuroplasticity
_______refers to the proportion of variability among individuals on an observed characteristic (phenotypic variance) that can be accounted for by genetic variability (genotypic variance).
Heritability
Which part of brain lobes in charge of executive functions?
Prefrontal cortex
What two structures in midbrain help humans orient to visual and auditory stimuli with eye and body movements?
Tectum and tegmentum
Inability to identify familiar objects
Agnosia
Which is a function of the cerebral cortex?
a.
Allows flexible construction of sequences of voluntary movements
b.
It permits subtle discriminations among complex sensory patterns
c.
It makes symbolic thinking possible
d.
All of the options listed
d.
All of the options listed
One of the primary purposes of the myelin sheath is to:
a.
insulate the axon so the action potential is faster.
b.
receive messages from the dendrites and carry them to the cell nucleus.
c.
transmit commands from interneurons.
d.
provide a covering for the terminal buttons.
a.
insulate the axon so the action potential is faster.
The sympathetic nervous system is involved with:
a.
neurons that convey messages to and from the central nervous system.
b.
preparing the body in response to threat.
c.
controlling involuntary actions such as reflexes.
d.
calming the body down after threat.
b.
preparing the body in response to threat.
The Peripheral Nervous System (NS) contains_____________________.
a) The Automatic and Somatic Nervous Systems b) The Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems c) The Automatic and Sensory Motor Neurons
d) The Autonomic and Sensory Motor Neurons
(b) The Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems
__________regulates states of readiness for emergencies.
a) The Parasympathetic division of the NS
b) The Sympathetic division of the NS
c) The Systemic division of the NS
d) The Parasystemic division of the NS
(b) The Sympathetic division of the NS
The
__________________is specialised for taking in information from body senses.
a) Peripheral NS
b) Central NS
c) Autonomic NS
d) Somatic NS
d) Somatic NS
Neuron types include______________.
a) Sensory Neurons, Excitatory Neurons and Motor Neurons
b) Sensory Neurons, Interneurons and Motor Neurons
c) Somatic Neurons, Interneurons and Peripheral Neurons
d) Sensory Neurons, Interneuron and Excitatory Neurons
b) Sensory Neurons, Interneurons and Motor Neurons
Which part of the brain is responsible for co-ordinating muscle movement and maintaining posture and balance,
a) Cerebrum
b) BrainStem
c) Cerebellum
d) MedullaOblongata
c) Cerebellum
Phineas Gage sustained extensive pre frontal lobe damage during a railroad work accident. As a consequence of this, his colleagues and friends noticed the biggest difference to his_________________________.
a) Ability to work
b) Personality
c) Language ability
d) Physical Ability
b) Personality
Which area of the brain is responsible for speech formation?
a) Wernicke’s Area
b) Broca’s Area
c) Parietal Lobe
d) Occipital Lobe
b) Broca’s Area
- ____________act at the site____________act away from the site
a) Hormones, neurotransmitters
b) Neurotransmitters, hormones
c) Molecules, neurotransmitters
d) Axons, neurotransmitters
b) Neurotransmitters, hormones
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible in learning?
A. Glutamate
B. Acetylcholine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Cortisol
A. Glutamate
___ ___ are found at the end of the axon,
Terminal buttons
_____ damage can affect sleep patterns as well as the ability to be alert or attentive
Reticular
