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Psychology 1A DA > WK 6 - Sensation & perception > Flashcards

WK 6 - Sensation & perception Flashcards

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1
Q

the process of intergrating organizing and interpreting sensations

A

perception

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2
Q

specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation

A

sensory receptors

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3
Q

the process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that the nervous system can process

A

transduction

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4
Q

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

A

absolute threshold

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5
Q

minimum difference between any two stimuli that person can detect 50% of the time

A

difference threshold

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6
Q

principle that the just noticeable diffference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations

A

weber’s law

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7
Q

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

sensory adaptation

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8
Q

binocular input

A

stimulation from both eyes

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9
Q

Three aspects of sound waves

A

Amplitude
Frequency
Wavelength

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10
Q

Determines the pitch of the sound we perceive

A

frequency

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11
Q

Determined loudness of the sound wave we perceive

A

amplitude

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12
Q

Determined timbre (quality) of the sound we perceive

A

wavelength

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13
Q

Three main regions of the ear

A

inner, middle, outer

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14
Q

Conversion of sound waves into neural impulses in the air through of the inner ear

A

acoustical transduction

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15
Q

Brenda smells coffee brewing, sees a mountain scene as she waits for it to be poured, and listens to the early morning call of a magpie. Though all of these sensations start as different forms of physical energy they all end up as patterns of neural impulses. This process of changing the physical energy into neural impulses is called:

A

transduction

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16
Q

I catch up with a friend I haven’t seen since we were kids and can still recognise her despite her different cut and colour, different style clothing, and piercings. I am displaying:

A

Perceptual constancy

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17
Q

I turn on my television and can’t hear the program. This causes me to turn up the volume so I can finally hear the show 50 percent of the time. I have:

A

crossed my absolute threshold

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18
Q

Lucas is fascinated by a book he was bought for his birthday which is full of coloured pictures designed to create interesting after-images on the book’s white pages. After-images provide evidence in support of the __________ theory of colour vision.

A

opponent-process

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19
Q

Which of the following is not a major perceptual rule by which the brain automatically and unconsciously organises sensory input into meaningful wholes, as proposed by Gestalt psychologists?
a. Simplicity
b. Proximity
c. Shading
d. Continuation

A

Shading

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20
Q

Specialised cells that respond to environmental stimuli and typically generate action potentials in adjacent sensory neurons

A

sensory receptors

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21
Q

The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred (a just noticeable difference)

A

The difference threshold

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22
Q

The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change.

A

Sensory adaptation

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23
Q

The tendency to perceive information outside our conscious awareness.

A

Subliminal perception

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24
Q

Perceptual processing that starts with raw sensory data that feed ‘up’ to the brain.

A

Bottom-up processing

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25
Q

The tendency to perceive the colour of objects as stable despite changing illumination.

A

colour constancy

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26
Q

The organisation of perception in three dimensions.

A

Depth perception

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27
Q

A neuron that fires only when stimulation in its receptive field matches a particular pattern or orientation.

A

Feature detectors

28
Q

The perception that an object’s shape remains constant despite the changing shape of the retinal image as the object is viewed from varying perspectives.

A

Shape constancy

29
Q

Perceptual processing that starts with the observer’s expectations and knowledge.

A

Top-down processing

30
Q

A theory of colour vision that proposes that the eye contains three types of receptors, each sensitive to wavelengths of light that produce sensations of blue, green and red.

A

Trichromatic theory / Young-Helmholtz theory

31
Q

Which Gestalt principle explains why we perceive a square instead of four separate lines?

a) The principle of proximity
b) The principle of closure
c) The principle of similarity

A

C) The brain tends to group similar elements together,

32
Q

What is the Gestalt principle of similarity?

a) The principle that states that objects that are similar in appearance are perceived as belonging together.
b) The principle that states that objects that are close to each other are perceived as belonging together.
c) The principle that states that objects that are moving together are perceived as belonging together.

A

a) The principle that states that objects that are similar in appearance are perceived as belonging together.

33
Q

Which Gestalt principle explains why we see a pattern of alternating light and dark squares on a checkerboard?

a) The principle of similarity
b) The principle of continuity
c) The principle of figure-ground

A

b) The principle of continuity.

34
Q

What is the Gestalt principle of figure-ground?
a) The principle that states that we tend to organize visual elements into groups.
b) The principle that states that we tend to perceive objects as being in the foreground or the background.
c) The principle that states that we tend to perceive objects as being larger if they are closer to us.

A

b) The principle that states that we tend to perceive objects as being in the foreground or the background.

35
Q

Which cells in the retina are responsible for visual transduction?
a) Rod cells
b) Cone cells
c) Both a and b

A

Both A and B

36
Q

What is a photopigment?
a) A molecule in photoreceptor cells that is responsible for detecting light
b) A type of protein in the eye that helps to focus light
c) A structure in the ear that vibrates in response to sound waves

A

a) A molecule in photoreceptor cells that is responsible for detecting light

37
Q

What is the role of transducin in visual transduction?
a) It triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the generation of an electrical signal in the photoreceptor cell
b) It helps to focus light on the retina
c) It transmits electrical signals from the retina to the brain

A

a) It triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the generation of an electrical signal in the photoreceptor cell

38
Q

What is dark adaptation?
a) The process by which the retina adjusts to low levels of light
b) The process by which the ear adjusts to high levels of sound
c) The process by which the tongue adjusts to different tastes

A

a) The process by which the retina adjusts to low levels of light

39
Q

Which is the correct order of the path of light through the eye?
a) lens, cornea, pupil, retina
b) cornea, pupil, lens, retina
c) pupil, lens, retina, cornea
d) retina, lens, cornea, pupil

A

b) cornea, pupil, lens, retina

40
Q

Conversion of sound waves into neural impulses in the air of the inner ear

A

acoustical transduction

41
Q

the process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, pressure

A

sensation

42
Q

1 Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of sensation and perception? LO7.1

A Sensation and perception require strong enough impulses to surpass minimal thresholds.
B Sensation and perception are active processes.
C There is no one-to-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality.
D Sensation and perception are adaptive.

A

A Sensation and perception require strong enough impulses to surpass minimal thresholds.

43
Q

2 Which of the following statements is NOT true of psychophysics research?LO7.1

A There is an exact correspondence between physical and psychological reality.
B Findings may one day help restore sensory functioning such as sight.
C It is the study of the relationship between attributes of the physical world and our psychological experience of them.
D Pressure only feels like pain when it crosses a certain threshold.

A

A There is an exact correspondence between physical and psychological reality.

44
Q

3 The idea that there must be a constant proportion between two stimuli for an individual to know that the two stimuli are indeed different is known as: LO7.2

A Weber’s law.
B Müller’s doctrine of specific nerve energies.
C Fechner’s law.
D Steven’s power law.

A

A Weber’s law.

45
Q

4 Absolute threshold is the: LO7.2

A point at which physical energy is converted to stimulus information via the jnd.
B difference between the arithmetic variable of a stimulus and its geometric response.
C absolute value of a difference threshold which demonstrates exponential variance.
D minimum amount of physical energy needed for a person to notice a stimulus.

A

D minimum amount of physical energy needed for a person to notice a stimulus.

46
Q

5 Which of the following statements is true in relation to subliminal processing?LO7.2

A It refers to a process that occurs outside our conscious awareness.
B Researchers agree that subliminal advertising has no effect at all on consumer behaviour.
C It occurs when a stimulus passes our absolute threshold and is consciously processed.
D Subliminal messages need to be stored in short-term memory to have a lasting influence on behaviour.

A

A It refers to a process that occurs outside our conscious awareness.

47
Q

6 The central region of the retina that is most sensitive to small detail and provides sharpest vision for stimuli directly in sight is the:LO7.3

A vitreous humour.
B fovea.
C rods.
D optic nerve.

A

B fovea.

48
Q

7 Which of the following is in the correct order from the transmission of visual information? LO7.3

A Rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve
B Optic nerve; ganglion cells; bipolar cells; rods and cones
C Rods and cones; optic nerve; bipolar cells; ganglion cells
D Bipolar cells; rods and cones; ganglion cells; optic nerve

A

A Rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve

49
Q

8 An after-image is a: LO7.3

A colour-deficiency that involves confusing red saturation with green saturation due to lower numbers of M-cones.
B visual image of different and predictable colour that persists after the stimulus has been removed.
C delayed perception of a visual image that occurs when the eye focuses light on a point beyond the retina.
D model of the opponent-process theory used to prove that the trichromatic theory of colour was incomplete.

A

B visual image of different and predictable colour that persists after the stimulus has been removed.

50
Q

9 The main cues for sound localisation are: LO7.4

A differences in loudness and time of arrival of the sound.
B differences in pitch and loudness.
C differences in time of arrival of sound and pitch.
D similarity in pitch, but differences in loudness.

A

A differences in loudness and time of arrival of the sound.

51
Q

10 Three important properties of acoustic energy are:LO7.4

A frequency, complexity and amplitude.
B complexity, amplitude and sound waves.
C pitch, frequency and complexity.
D frequency, localisation and amplitude.

A

A frequency, complexity and amplitude.

52
Q

11 Sensitivity to pressure varies considerably over the surface of the body. The most sensitive regions are the ______ and ______; the least sensitive are the ______ and ______. LO7.5

A face and fingers; back and legs
B back and legs; face and fingers
C palms and fingers; feet and legs
D tongue and lips; skull and ears

A

A face and fingers; back and legs

53
Q

12 Kinaesthesia provides information about: LO7.5

A acceleration or deceleration of the head as it turns in various directions.
B the movement and position of limbs and other parts of the body relative to one another.
C the position of the body in space as it is affected by gravity.
D movement of the body and head as it is determined through multiple sensory modalities.

A

B the movement and position of limbs and other parts of the body relative to one another.

54
Q

13 Which of the following statements is NOT true of the olfactory system?LO7.5

A Olfactory information is transmitted by the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and into the primary olfactory cortex.
B Olfaction has only one mode of perception but two sets of receptors.
C Olfactory functions include detecting danger and helping us to recognise people we know.
D Humans have approximately 10 million olfactory receptors.

A

B Olfaction has only one mode of perception but two sets of receptors.

55
Q

14 The principle of ‘direct perception’ holds that: LO7.6

A stimuli are only recognised if they appear in front of the observer.
B perception of causality is innate.
C perception has to be experienced to be understood.
D we automatically recognise the meaning of well-organised stimuli.

A

D we automatically recognise the meaning of well-organised stimuli.

56
Q

15 The three types of perceptual constancies are: LO7.6

A form, shape and visual.
B colour, texture and form.
C size, texture and form.
D size, shape and colour.

A

D size, shape and colour.

57
Q

16 Which of the below statements do not apply to perceptual interpretation? LO7.6

A It organises changing sensations into relatively stable percepts.
B It involves generating meaning from sensory experience.
C It interprets current sensations from past sensory experience.
D It is shaped by experience, expectations and motivations.

A

A It organises changing sensations into relatively stable percepts.

58
Q

Proprioceptive senses includes ____ and____.

A

vestibular sense

kinaesthesia

59
Q

touch includes three sense:

A

pressure, temperature and pain

60
Q

5 traditional senses?

A

vision
hearing
smell
taste
touch

61
Q

what is proprioceptive sense?

A

two additional senses

62
Q

1st aditional sense, provides information about the position of the body in space by sensing gravity and movement

A

vestibular sense

63
Q

the other proprioceptive sense, _____ , provides informationabout the movement and position of the limbs and other parts of the body relative to one another.

A

Kinaesthesia

64
Q

The ability to focus on one voice and tune out other voices has been called:

a.
divided attention.

b.
the cocktail party phenomenon.

c.
selective inattention.

d.
being in a hypnagogic state

A

b.
the cocktail party phenomenon.

65
Q

while ____ involves the stimulation of sense organs, _____involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.

A

sensation
perception

Psychology 1A DA (9 decks)

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