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Bio 103 A & P 1 > Wk 5 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Wk 5 Integumentary System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skin is called?

A

Cutaneous
Largest organ

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2
Q

Cutaneous has 2 main regions

A

°Epidermis
°Dermis

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3
Q

Epidermis is made from what type of tissue?

A

Keratinized stratified Squamous Epithelial (waterproof & protection)

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4
Q

Dermis is made from what type of tissue?

A

Loose CT & dense irregular CT

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5
Q

Skin structure
(6 things)

A

° accessory structures
° sensory receptors
° arrector pili muscle
° epidermis
° dermis
° hypodermis

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6
Q

Skin structure
Accessory structures:

A

° sweat glands
° sebaceous glands
° hairs
° nails

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7
Q

Skin structure
Sensory receptors:

A

detects heat, cold, pain, and pressure

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8
Q

Skin structure
Arrector pili muscle:

A

Small bands of SMC (smooth muscles) associate with hair

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9
Q

Skin structure
Epidermis:

A

°avascular (no blood flow)
° transport of O2 and nutrients by diffusion

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10
Q

Skin structure
Dermis:

A

° vascular (has blood vessels)

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11
Q

Skin structure
Hypodermis:

A

° superficial fascia/ subcutaneous fat is deep in the dermis
°not part of skin, anchors skin to deeper structures
° loose CT and adipose
° vascular (blood vessels)

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12
Q

Integumentary system
function:
(5 functions)

A

° Protect
° sensation
° thermoregulation
° excretion
° synthesis

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13
Q

Integumentary system
function: protection

A

°Mechanical trama
° pathogens
° environment

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14
Q

Integumentary system
function: sensation

A

Preceive changes in the body’s internal / external environment

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15
Q

Integumentary system
function: thermoregulation

A

Uses negative feedback loops to maintain stable internal temperature
(Muscles and metabolism)

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16
Q

Integumentary system
function: excretion

A

Process where waste products and toxins are eliminated (sweat)

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17
Q

Integumentary system
function: synthesis

A

Making Vitmin D and calcitriol by using UV rays (sunlight)

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18
Q

Body temperature above normal:
Stimulus

A

Body too hot due to weather or sickness

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19
Q

Body temperature above normal:
Receptors

A

Thermoreceptors detect an increase in body temperature

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20
Q

Body temperature above normal:
Control center

A

Thermoregulatory center in the brain (hypothalamus) acts as a thermostat

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21
Q

Body temperature above normal:
Effector / response

A

The control center stimulates sweating and vasodilation (VD) of vessels in dermis

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22
Q

Body temperature above normal:
Homeostasis and negative feedback

A

° body temperature returns to normal
° thermoregulatory center decreases output to glands and vessels

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23
Q

Body temperature below normal:
Stimulus

A

Body temperature drops below normal range, too cold

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24
Q

Body temperature below normal:
Receptors

A

Thermoreceptors detect the drop in temperature and relya the info to the hypothalamus

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25
Q

Body temperature below normal:
Control center

A

Thermoregulatory center in the brain (hypothalamus) acts as a thermostat

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26
Q

Body temperature below normal:
Effector / response

A

Blood vessels in dermis vasoconstrict, decrease sweating, increase shivering

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27
Q

Body temperature below normal:
Homeostasis and negative feedback

A

° body temperature returns to normal
° thermoregulatory center decreases output to vessels and muscles (reduce shivering)

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28
Q

Lose heat:

A

Sweating and vasodilation

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29
Q

Conserve heat:

A

Decrease sweating and vasconstrict

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30
Q

Produce heat:

A

Muscle contraction

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31
Q

Calcitriol

A

Necessary for absorption of Ca++ by sunlight

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32
Q

Ca++

A

Necessary for nerve function, muscle contraction, bone

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33
Q

Epidermis

A

° most superficial layer (surface)
° composed of mostly keratinocytes
° produces keratin (protein)

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34
Q

Epidermis layers:
(There are 5)

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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35
Q

Epidermis:
Stratum corneum

A

° Outer most layer
° Mostly dead cells
° made of several layers

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36
Q

Epidermis:
Stratum Lucidum

A

° thick skin only (palms and soles of feet)
° clear layer (dead keratinocytes)

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37
Q

Epidermis:
Stratum Granulosum

A

° 3 to 5 layers of cells
° keratin filled cells (water resistance)

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38
Q

Epidermis:
Stratum spinosum

A

° bit of mitosis
° metabolically active and mitotically active

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39
Q

Epidermis:
Stratum basale

A

° (stratum germinativum)
° Deepest layer.
° most mitosis
° most metabolically active and mitotically active

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40
Q

Keratinocytes life cycle

A

° Made by mitosis in the stratum basale layer
° Get pushed up to the stratum corneum as they age and die
° Mitosis happens mostly at night.

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41
Q

Other Cells of the epidermis (3 of them)

A

° Dendritic (langerhans) cells
° Merkel cells
° melanocytes

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42
Q

Dendritic (langerhans) cells

A

° Located in stratum spinosum
° Phagocytes of the immune system
° Protect skin and deeper tissues from pathogens.

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43
Q

Merkel cells

A

° Located in stratum basale
° Sensory receptors detect light touch.
° Fingertips, lips, and at base of hair.

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44
Q

Melanocytes

A

° Located in stratum basale
° produce melanin (skin pigmentation) (protein)

45
Q

Thick skin

A

° All 5 epidermis layers
° Thick stratum corneum
° No hair follicles, many sweat glands

46
Q

Thin skin.

A

° Has only 4 layers of epidermis (no stratum lucidum)
° Many hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

47
Q

Callus

A

Additional layers of stratum corneum form and either thick or thin skin due to repetitive pressure.

48
Q

Dermis tissue type?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue.
Highly vascular layer deep to epidermis.

49
Q

Dermis function:

A

° Provides.
° Contains
° Anchors epidermis in place.

50
Q

Dermis made of 2 layer:

A

° Reticular layer
° Papillary layer

51
Q

Papillary layer

A

° Composed of loose connective tissue.

52
Q

Dermal papillae

A

° Tiny projections.
° Capillary loops.
° Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles ( Light touch)

53
Q

Reticular layer

A

° Deepest thickest layer of the dermis.
° Mostly dense irregular ( collagen and elastic fibers)
° Rich in proteoglycans ( keep skin firm and hydrated)
° Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles ( pressure and vibration associated with skin)
° Found in the Reticular layer are blood vessels, sweat glands, hair, sebaceous glands, and adipose tissue.

54
Q

Skin wrinkles.

A

Due to age-related decreased collagen and elastic fibers, proteoglycans and adipose tissue in the dermis.

55
Q

Skin wrinkles reduces…

A

Skin firmness, hydration and recoil ability after stretching.

56
Q

Skin wrinkles’ appearance can be minimized by:

A

Botox, fillers, and tropical creams.

57
Q

Melanin

A

° Skip color.
° Protein.
° Melanocytes
° Protect keratinocytes DNA from mutations induced by UV rays.
° number of melanocytes is virtually identical among individuals.
° Spectrum of skin tones due to differences in amount of melanin produce.

58
Q

Carotene

A

° Ingest yellow orange vegetables.
° Imparts yellowish color to stratum corneum.

59
Q

Hemoglobin (RBC)

A

Coloration depends on blood flow to dermis

60
Q

Erythema

A

Increase blood flow.

61
Q

Pallor

A

Decrease blood flow.

62
Q

Cyanosis

A

Low oxygenated blood.

63
Q

Common variations of pigmentation.

A

°Freckles
°Moles
°albinism

64
Q

Freckles

A

Small area of increased pigmentation. (Melanin production)

65
Q

Moles or nevus

A

Area of increased pigmentation due to prolifreation or melanocytes ( not increased Melanin production)

66
Q

Albinism

A

Melanocytes fail to manufacture tyrosinase ( enzyme), resulting in a lack of pigmentation

67
Q

Hair

A

Known as Pili
Protrude from surface of skin over entire body except thick skin, lips, and parts of external genitalia

68
Q

Hair(pili)
Cuticle

A

Outer

69
Q

Hair(pili)
Cortex

A

Middle

70
Q

Hair(pili)
Medulla

A

Inner

71
Q

Hair(pili) function

A

° Protect by preventing substances & organisms entering eyes & nose
° Protect underlying skin of scalp from uv radiation & physical trauma
° Sensory neuron detects change in environment

72
Q

Hair(pili)
What is it made out of?

A

Keratinized stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

73
Q

Hair(pili)
Structure

A

Shaft
Root
Matrix
Regions
Arrector pili muscle

74
Q

Hair(pili) structure
Shaft

A

° anything above the skin
° projects from the skin surface
° dead keratinized cells

75
Q

Hair(pili) structure
Root

A

° anything below the skin embedded in hair follicle
°embedded in the dermis
° surrounded by sensory neuron
° hair papilla
° hair bulb
°many epithelial cells are alive

76
Q

Hair(pili) structure Root:
Hair papilla

A

Projection of blood vessels in indented base

77
Q

Hair(pili) structure Root:
Hair bulb

A

Root + hair papilla

78
Q

Hair(pili) structure
Matrix

A

Small # of actively diving keratinocytes found at base of root

79
Q

The 3 regions of hair

A

° inner medulla
°middle cortex
°outermost cuticle

80
Q

Region of hair:
Inner medulla

A

Soft keratin

81
Q

Region of hair:
Middle cortex

A

Hard keratin provides strength

82
Q

Region of hair:
Outermost cuticle

A

Single layer of over lapping keratinocytes containing hair keratin; provides physical strength

83
Q

Hair structure:
Arrector pili muscle

A

Small bands of smooth muscle associated with hair

84
Q

Goosebumps

A

(Piloerection)
Hair stands up

85
Q

Hair growth

A

Around 1-1.5 cm per month

86
Q

Hair pigmentation and texture

A

Hair color determined by melanin

87
Q

Hair pigmentation and texture:
Blond hair

A

Has alittle melanin

88
Q

Hair pigmentation and texture:
Black hair

A

Contains alot of melanin

89
Q

Hair pigmentation and texture:
Red hair

A

Has special reddish pigment containing iron

90
Q

Hair pigmentation and texture:
Gray or white

A

Melanocytes produce

91
Q

Nails

A

Composed of stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue filled with hard keratin

92
Q

Nails parts

A

° nail plate
° lunula
° eponychium
° hyponychium

93
Q

Nail plate

A

Sits on top of nail bed

94
Q

Lunula

A

Half moon shaped region of proximal nail plate

95
Q

Eponychium

A

Cuticle

96
Q

Hyponychium

A

Stratum corneum under free edge of nail

97
Q

Sweat gland

A

° sudoriferous
° merocrine secretion

98
Q

Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous)
eccrine

A

Widespread, mostly water, waste, electrolytes (everywhere on body)

99
Q

Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous)
apocrine

A

Axillary & anal regions, function at puberty

100
Q

Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous)
Modified: ceruminous

A

Produces earwax (cerumin) ear canal

101
Q

Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous)
Modified: mammary

A

Produces milk (breast)

102
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

° Holocrine
° produces sebum (oily)
° think skin only
° hydrophobic barrier

103
Q

Cancer

A

Common disease in the world is caused by mutated DNA that loses control of cell cycle

104
Q

Tumor

A

Formation of large population of cells

105
Q

Metastasize

A

Tumor spreads through blood or lymphatic vessels to other tissues and continues to divide

106
Q

3 cancers that affect skin

A

° Basal cell carcinoma
° Squamous cell carcinoma
° malignant melanoma

107
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Most common
Arises from keratinocytes in stratum basale (easily treatable)

108
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

2nd common
Arise from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum (easily treatable)

109
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Cancer from melanocytes
(Hard to treat can spread)

Bio 103 A & P 1 (12 decks)

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