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Bio 103 A & P 1 > Chapter 9 & 10 The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 & 10 The Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle
(6 of them)

A

°Blood vessels
°Connective tissue & tendons
°Endomysium
°Fascicle
°Perimysium
°Epimysium

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2
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle:
Blood vessels

A

Supply muscle cells with oxygen and glucose and remove waste and nerves coordinate Muscle contraction.

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3
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle:
Connective tissue & tendons

A

Interconnected connective tissue taper down and connect to tendons or other connective tissue. Attach muscle to bone or other structures to be moved.

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4
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle:
Endomysium

A

Extracellular matrix
Surrounds each individual muscle cell (fiber)

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5
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle:
Fascicle

A

Several muscle cells bundled together

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6
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle:
Perimysium

A

Connective tissue layer
Surrounds the fascicle

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7
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle:
Epimysium

A

Connective tissue layer
Encloses, all facicles that make up a muscle

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8
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle
(6 of them)

A

°Heat
°Respiratory system
°Maintain posture
° Facial expressions and swallowing
°Sphincters
°Support of soft tissue

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9
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle:
Heat

A

Contractions generate heat.

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10
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle:
Respiratory system

A

Contraction of diaphragm muscle is a vital function associated with respiratory system.

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11
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle:
Maintain posture

A

Sitting ,standing ,holding head upright.

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12
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle:
Facial expressions and swallowing.

A

Skeletal muscles attached to facial skin allow for facial expressions muscles in throat assist with swallowing

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13
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle:
Sphincter

A

Allow conscious control over opening and closing of body openings.

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14
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle:
Support of soft tissues: (2 of them)

A

abdominal walls and pelvic floor.

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15
Q

Functional groups of muscles:
(4 of them)

A

°Agonists
°Antagonists
°Synergists
°Fixators

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16
Q

Functional groups of muscles:
Agonists

A

(Prime movers)
Provide most force for a given muscle action.

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17
Q

Functional groups of muscles:
Antagonists

A

Have opposite actions against agonists, allowing for modulation and control of agonists’ movement.

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18
Q

Functional groups of muscles:
Synergists

A

Aid agonists supplying supplemental force, minimizing unwanted movement, and helping to stabilize joints.

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19
Q

Functional groups of muscles:
Fixators

A

Provides stabilizing force that anchors a bone, protection from injury due to unnecessary movements.

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20
Q

Muscles origin

A

Anchoring point on bone, where skeletal muscle originates from typically not involved directly with movement of joint.

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21
Q

Muscle insertion

A

Moving end of muscle whose tendon attaches to a bone or other structure.

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22
Q

The 3 types of muscle cells.

A

°skeletal muscle
°cardiac muscle
°smooth muscle.

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23
Q

Skeletal muscle
(5 things)

A

°Cylinder shape
°Attached to bone
°Multi nucleus cell
°Striated (Striped)
°Voluntary

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24
Q

Cardiac muscle
(6 things)

A

°Heart
°Branching shape
°Striated (Striped)
°Uni nucleus cell
°Involuntary
°Intercalated discs

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25
Q

Smooth muscle tissue
(5 things)

A

°Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels
°Non-striated (not striped)
°Spindle shape
°Uni nucleus
°Involuntary

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26
Q

Properties of muscle cells:
(5 properties)

A

° Contractility
° Excitability
° Conductivity
° Extensibility
° Elasticity

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27
Q

Properties of muscle cells:
Contractility

A

Ability to contract where proteins in the cell draw closer together.

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28
Q

Properties of muscle cells:
Excitability

A

Ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus.

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29
Q

Properties of muscle cells:
Conductivity

A

Ability of a cell to conduct electrical changes across the plasma membrane.

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30
Q

Properties of muscle cells:
Extensibility

A

Ability of a cell that allows it to be stretched without being ruptured.

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31
Q

Properties of muscle cells:
Elasticity

A

Ability of a cell that allows it to return to its original length.

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32
Q

Structure of muscle cells:

A

°myocytes
°sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
°myofibrils

33
Q

Structure of muscle cells:
Myocyte

A

Muscle cell

34
Q

Structure of muscle cells:
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Smooth ER of muscle cell, stores calcium in muscle cells.

35
Q

Structure of muscle cells:
Myofibrils

A

Protein fibers inside of a muscle cell.

36
Q

Transverse tubules

A

(T-Tubules)
Inward extensions of sarcolemma that surround each myofibril

37
Q

Myofilaments
( 3 types)

A

° Thick filaments
° Thin filaments
° Elastic filaments

38
Q

Myofilaments:
Thick filaments

A

Myosin
A protein that likes to joint to actin

39
Q

Myofilaments
Thin filaments

A

°Actin protein that wants to bind to myosin
°Tropomyosin protein that prevents actin and myosin from binding
°Troponin protein that binds to calcium

40
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit where contractions occur.

41
Q

Striations
(7 of them)

A

° Light bands: Only thin filament.
° Dark bands: Only thick filament.
° I band: Only thin filament.
° Z disc (line): Thin filaments attach.
° A band: Length of the thick filament.
° H zone: Only thick filament.
°M line: Thick filament attaches.

42
Q

The neuromuscular Junction.
(6 things)

A

° Motor neuron
°synapse
°axon terminal
°acetylcholine (ACh)
°synaptic cleft
°motor end plate

43
Q

The neuromuscular Junction:
Synapse

A

Junction between neuron and muscle cell.

44
Q

The neuromuscular Junction:
Axon terminal

A

contains synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

45
Q

The neuromuscular Junction:
Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter

46
Q

The neuromuscular Junction:
Synaptic cleft

A

The space between axon terminal and muscle fiber.

47
Q

The neuromuscular Junction:
Motor end plate

A

Specialize region of the muscle plasma membrane.

48
Q

Sources of energy for muscle contraction:

A

The required ATP is generated by immediate cytosolic reactions.

49
Q

Glycolytic catabolism

A

In cytosol
Breaking sugar
Anaerobic catabolism ( no oxygen)
2 ATP per glucose.

50
Q

Oxidative catabolism

A

In the mitochondria
Aerobic catabolism ( oxygen)
Produces around 38 ATP

51
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

It can immediately regenerate enough ATP for about 10 seconds of maximum muscle activity.

52
Q

Muscle twitch.

A

Smallest muscle contraction of individual cells.

53
Q

Twitch contraction 3 phases.

A

Latent period
Contraction period
Relaxation period

54
Q

Wave summation

A

Increase the tension caused by repetitive Stimulation.

55
Q

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

A

Result when fibers are stimulated, about 50 times per second fibers, partially relax between stimuli.

56
Q

Fused (complete) tetanus

A

Occurs when the fiber is stimulated at a rate of 80-100 stimuli per second fiber does not relax between stimuli.

57
Q

Functional groups of muscles def.

A

A group of muscles that work together in order to perform an action or movement

58
Q

Myofilaments def.

A

Hundreds to thousands make up myofibrils

59
Q

Tendon def.

A

Made up of perimysium and epimysium, it binds the muscle to a structure or bone

60
Q

Fascia

A

Thick connective tissue that encloses skeletal muscle n anchors them to the surrounding tissue and holds groups of muscles together

61
Q

Type 1 fibers

A

°slow twich fibers
°oxidative catabolism
°are in posture muscles that need to sustain contractions for long periods of time
°dont get tired easily

62
Q

Type 2 fibers

A

°fast twitch fibers
°glycolytic catabolism
°get tired very fast

63
Q

Motor unit

A

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it inntervates

64
Q

Recruitment

A

When more motor units must be stimulated because greater force is required

65
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

Tension generated by the muscle is constant, but muscle length changes

66
Q

Isotonic contractions
(2 of them)

A

Isotonic concentric
Isotonic eccentric

67
Q

Isotonic concentric

A

Maintain constant tension while the muscle shortens

68
Q

Isotonic eccentric

A

Maintain constant tension while the muscle lengthens

69
Q

Myoplasticity

A

the changes in muscle structure as a result of changes in function related to physical training

70
Q

Amitotic

A

(do not undergo mitosis)
The majority of mature skeletal muscle fiber nuclie

71
Q

Satellite cells

A

(a small population of unspecialized cells) do retain mitotic ability can help repair injured skeletal muscle

72
Q

Endurance training

A

More repetions with lighter light
Increase oxidative enzymes and mitochondria
Increases fatigue resistance

73
Q

Resistance training (strength)

A

Fewer repetitions with heavier weight
# of myofibrils increase

74
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Muscle grows because more protein is added

75
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle shrinks because it is not being used

76
Q

Fatigue

A

The inability to maintain a given lvl of intensity during activity

77
Q

Peristalsis

A

Propels material through hollow organs
(Smooth muscle)

78
Q

Autorhythmic

A

Self stimulated
(Cardiac muscle, pace maker cells)

Bio 103 A & P 1 (12 decks)

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