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Bio 103 A & P 1 > Week 3 Cells > Flashcards

Week 3 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Basic processes of cells
(there are 4)

A
  1. Cell metabolism
  2. Transport
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction
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2
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Cell metabolism

A

Chemical reactions the cell carries out in order to maintain life

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3
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Transport

A

The transporting of anything ingested or produced by the cell to a variety of locations

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4
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Communication

A

Cells communicate with one another or the environment

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5
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Reproduction

A

Cells reproduce in order to grow they replace old or damaged cells

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6
Q

3 basic components of animal cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane - outer wall
  2. Cytoplasm - everything between the plasma membrane and Nucleus
  3. Nucleus - brain/ control center
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7
Q

Plasma Membrane
Function

A

Gives the cell its structural support, helps it to communicate, and to be identified as a cell.
Separates intercellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

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8
Q

Cytoplasm
(Made of 3 things)

A

Cytosol - Intercellular Fluid (ICF)
Organelles - structures within the cell
Cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments

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9
Q

Nucleus
(What is in it, and what does it make?)

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
Makes RNA - ribonucleic acid

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10
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is made of?

A

Phosphate head that is hydrophilic and is polar (loves water)
Two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and non-polar (hate water)
Glycerol backbone

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11
Q

Membrane proteins
(7 of them)

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Enzymes
  3. Structural support
  4. Link
  5. Cholesterol
  6. Glycolipids
  7. Gylcoprotiens
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12
Q

Membrane proteins:
Receptors

A

Bind to chemical messengers (ligands) to trigger events within the cell

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13
Q

Ligands

A

Chemical messengers that bind to receptors on the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Membrane proteins:
Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions

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15
Q

Membrane proteins:
Structural support

A

Gives the cell its shape

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16
Q

Membrane proteins:
Link

A

Holds cells adjacent to one another with tissue allowing them to communicate

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17
Q

Membrane proteins:
Cholesterol

A

A lipid molecule that stabilizes plasma membrane fluid structure during temperature changes

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18
Q

Membrane proteins:
Glycolipids and Glycoprotiens

A

Help identify the cell as part of the body

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19
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable substances get across by?
(2 ways)

A
  1. Passive transport -
    no ATP (energy required)
  2. Active transport -
    ATP (energy required)
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20
Q

Passive transport
(3 types)

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Concentration gradient
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21
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solute molecules from high concentration to low concentration

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22
Q

There are 2 types of diffusion

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
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23
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Non-polar solutes pass through the phospholipid bilayer without the need for a membrane protein

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24
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Polar solutes cross the phospholipid bilayer with the help of a carrier or channel

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water

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26
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Water pressure
Driving force exerted by solute molecules causes water molecules to move until equilibrium is reached

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27
Q

Tonicity

A

Way to compare osmotic pressure gradients between 2 solutions. Cytosol and ECF (extracellular fluid)

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28
Q

Hypertonic ECF

A

Solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. Cell shrinks in size.

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29
Q

Hypotonic ECF

A

Solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell. Cell takes in water and expands.

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30
Q

Isotonic ECF

A

Concentration is equal both outside and inside the cell. Cell stays the same size.

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31
Q

Solution

A

Solute + Solvent

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32
Q

Solute

A

That is being dissolved
Ex. Salt

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33
Q

Solvent

A

What is doing the dissolving
Ex. Water

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34
Q

Crenates

A

Water gets pulled out of cell and cell shrinks.

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35
Q

Lyse

A

Cell ruptures because water is being pulled into the cell swelling it.

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36
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP (energy) to proceed solutes that move through the cell.

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37
Q

Vesicles

A

Small sacs filled with large molecules
Enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer.
Requires ATP
Allows macromolecules to pass through the phospholipid bilayer

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38
Q

Endocytosis
( 5 of them)

A

Entering the cell
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
4. Exocytosis
5. Transcytosis

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39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating
Process where cells ingest large particles like bacteria or dead damaged cells or parts of cells

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40
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking
Process wear cells ingulf fluid droplets from ECF.

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41
Q

Receptor- mediated endocytosis

A

Uses receptors to fill vesicles with a specific molecule.

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42
Q

Excocytosis

A

Large molecules exit cells. Also known as secretion

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43
Q

Transcytosis

A

Molecules are brought into the cell by endocytosis. Transported across the cell to the opposite side and then secreted by exocytosis.

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44
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles:
(6 of them)

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Peroxisomes
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Endoplasmic reticulum
  5. Golgi apparatus
  6. Lysomes
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45
Q

Organelles
Function

A

Cellular structures with specific functions vital to maintaining homeostasis.

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46
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plant of cell
Membrane-bound organelles involved in chemical energy production.
Provides majority of ATP used in cell.

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47
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxify
Makes hydrogen peroxide H2O2
Oxidizes toxic chemicals into less toxic molecules that can then be expelled by the body

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48
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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49
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Large folded phospholipid bilayer exist in 2 forms,
Rough (RER) Has ribosomes attached
Smooth (SER) doesn’t have ribosomes attached.

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50
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Packages proteins into transport vesicles made of a phospholipid bilayer.

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51
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Stores calcium
Detoxifies
Lipid synthesis

52
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Group of flatten membranous sacs filled with enzymes and other molecules.
Proteins and lipids made by ER are further modified, sorted, and package for export in the golgi.

53
Q

Lysosomes

A

Organelles responsible for digestion of worn-out cell components or whole cells.
Contains acid hydrolyses (digestive enzyme) that break down macromolecules that can be disposed of by cytosol or reused to create other macromolecules

54
Q

Cytoskeleton
What does it do for the cell?

A

Gives the cell its shape, support, movement, and strength

55
Q

Centrosome/ Centrioles

A

Microtubule-organization center located close to the nucleus
Critical for cell division

56
Q

Cellular Extensions
(There are 3 of them)

A

Formed by cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella

57
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase surface area
Finger like extensions of plasma membrane

58
Q

Cilia

A

Sweepers
Hair like projections that stick out of the cell and help it to move

59
Q

Flagella

A

The sperms tail helps it to move by doing a whipping motion

60
Q

Nucleus
Function

A

Direct activities of other cellular components.

61
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Contains codes for nearly every protein in the body

62
Q

Genes
(Loacation and function)

A

Are within DNA direct different types of RNA to build a wide variety of proteins.

63
Q

Nucleus Envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleus and has pores in which mRNA exits the nucleus.

64
Q

Chromatin

A

One long DNA molecule and histone proteins.

65
Q

Chromosome

A

Chromatin threads coiled tightly and condensed into a thick structure
Humans have 46 chromosomes and 23 chromosome pairs

66
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Each chromosome consists of identical copies.

67
Q

Gene expression

A

Production of protein from specific gene.

68
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is copied, creating mRNA (messenger RNA) happens in the nucleus

69
Q

Translation

A

mRNA binds with ribosomes initiating synthesi of a protein. Happens outside the nucleus.

70
Q

Order of protein synthesis.
(5 steps)

A

DNA
transcription
mRNA
translation
protein

71
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in DNA due to a mistake in copying DNA or induced by agents called mutagens

72
Q

The cell cycle

A

An ordered series of events from formation of cell to its reproduction by cell division.

73
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Meiosis

74
Q

Interphase
(Phases 4)

A

A period of growth and preparation for cell division.
G0 Non dividing phase
G1(1st gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 (2nd gap)

75
Q

G1(1st gap)

A

Cell performs normal daily metabolic activities. Organelles reproduce, and cells grow in size.

76
Q

S phase (synthesis)

A

DNA synthesis (replication) occurs.

77
Q

G2 (2nd gap)

A

Cell growth and proteins required for cell division are produced. Spindles and structures needed for cell division are made.

78
Q

Interphase function

A

Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus
Centriole pairs and duplicate
Nucleus is visible

79
Q

Mitosis
When does it occur?

A

Occurs when newly replicated genetic material is divided between two daughter cells

80
Q

Cytokinesis
When does it occur?

A

Occurs when the cells proteins, organelles, and cytosol are divided between 2 daughter cells.

81
Q

Mitosis phases
(4 phases)

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

82
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin compacts and becomes chromosomes
Nuclear envelope begins to break apart

83
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosome line up in the middle of the cell

84
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart towards the opposite side of the cell by spindle fibers
Cytokinesis may begin

85
Q

Telophase

A

Cells split apart as cleavage furrow forms
Nuclear envelope forms
Chromosome uncoli and become chromatin

86
Q

What kind of cells are used in mitosis? how many are made? How many divisions? Diploid/ Haploid? How many chromosomes?

A

Somatic cells
2 cells are made
Has 1 division
Diploid cells 2n (2 pairs of 23 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes in total)

87
Q

What kind of cells are used in meiosis? how many are made? How many divisions? Diploid/ Haploid? How many chromosomes?

A

Diploid cells become haploid cells, aka gamete cells (sex cells)
4 cells are made
Has 2 divisions
Haploid cells n (one set of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes)

88
Q

Conditions needed for cell division
(4 Conditions)

A
  1. There must be enough nutrients available.
  2. Growth factors are secreted by other cells.
  3. Density of cells in tissue (need room to divide, no room no divison)
  4. Cells must be anchored (free floating cells will not divide)
89
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death
If cells can not pass through checkpoints and can not be repaired.

90
Q

Tumor

A

Growth or mass that is caused by changes in dna, that causes loss of cell cycle control.

91
Q

Benign tumor

A

Confine to one location and does not invade the surrounding tissue. Is usually non-cancerous.

92
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Made up of cancer cells, it can divide and metastasis.

93
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells to different parts of the body.

94
Q

G0

A

Non replication part of interphase

95
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Meiosis in males
Creates 4 sperm cells (gamete)

96
Q

Oogenesis

A

Creates 4 eggs in females
1 ovum (egg)
3 non-functional polar

97
Q

Zygote

A

Sperm and egg come together (fertilization)

98
Q

4 main tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Muscle
  3. Connective tissue
  4. Nerve
99
Q

Epithelial Tissue
(6 types of tissues)

A
  1. Simple Squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Stratified Squamous
  5. Pseudostartified ciliated columnar
  6. Transitional
100
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

One layer thick
Is flatten
Found in lungs

101
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

A

Single layer
Cube shape
Found in kidneys
Function: absorption and secretion

102
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

A

Single row of column
Rectangle shape
Found in the villi of small intestines

103
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

Many layers on top of each other
Found in the esophagus

104
Q

Pseudostartified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial
(PSCCE)

A

False stratified
All cells touch the membrane, but not all reach outer or inner edge.
Cilia is present on top
Found in monkey trachea

105
Q

Transitional Epithelial Tissue

A

Multiple layers
Cells are rounded
When urinary bladder is distended, cells flatten out to commendate the stretch of filling of U.B.
Found in urinary bladder

106
Q

Connective tissue
(There are 2)

A

Adipose connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue

107
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Round white fat cells have the nucleus to the side.
Function to provide protection cushion and insulation.
Found in the hypodermis of the skin, heart, and kidneys

108
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Flexible support contains collagen and elastic fibers
Ex. skin.

109
Q

Integumentary system
(2 Layers)

A

Epidermis
Dermis

110
Q

Epidermis
(5 specific cell layers)

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
111
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outer most layer of epidermis, mostly dead skin cells, used for protection.

112
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Thick skin only on palms and soles of feet is a clear white layer.

113
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Contains granule, dark color line

114
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Limited mitosis

115
Q

Stratum basale

A

Innermost layer of epidermis.
Mitosis occurs
Cells work their way up to outer most layer.

116
Q

Dermis Tissue type

A

Dense irregular connective tissue.

117
Q

Dermis 2 specific layers.

A

Papillary layer
Reticular layer

118
Q

Papillary layer

A

Peg, like projections, extended into epidermis. Abundant capillaries. The structure of bumps gives it more surface area and is harder to tear.

119
Q

Reticular layer

A

More dense fibers.
Many arteries veins, glands and scents receptors.

120
Q

Sudoriferous

A

Sweat Glands

121
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Attached to hair follicle

122
Q

Hypodermis
Tissue type

A

Adipose Tissue

123
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

microscopic glands found in your hair follicles that secrete sebum.

124
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Sudoriferous

125
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

are sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure and are essential for proprioception (perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body)

Bio 103 A & P 1 (12 decks)

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