Week 3 Cells Flashcards
Basic processes of cells
(there are 4)
- Cell metabolism
- Transport
- Communication
- Reproduction
Basic processes of cells:
Cell metabolism
Chemical reactions the cell carries out in order to maintain life
Basic processes of cells:
Transport
The transporting of anything ingested or produced by the cell to a variety of locations
Basic processes of cells:
Communication
Cells communicate with one another or the environment
Basic processes of cells:
Reproduction
Cells reproduce in order to grow they replace old or damaged cells
3 basic components of animal cells
- Plasma membrane - outer wall
- Cytoplasm - everything between the plasma membrane and Nucleus
- Nucleus - brain/ control center
Plasma Membrane
Function
Gives the cell its structural support, helps it to communicate, and to be identified as a cell.
Separates intercellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
Cytoplasm
(Made of 3 things)
Cytosol - Intercellular Fluid (ICF)
Organelles - structures within the cell
Cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments
Nucleus
(What is in it, and what does it make?)
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
Makes RNA - ribonucleic acid
Phospholipid bilayer is made of?
Phosphate head that is hydrophilic and is polar (loves water)
Two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and non-polar (hate water)
Glycerol backbone
Membrane proteins
(7 of them)
- Receptors
- Enzymes
- Structural support
- Link
- Cholesterol
- Glycolipids
- Gylcoprotiens
Membrane proteins:
Receptors
Bind to chemical messengers (ligands) to trigger events within the cell
Ligands
Chemical messengers that bind to receptors on the plasma membrane
Membrane proteins:
Enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions
Membrane proteins:
Structural support
Gives the cell its shape
Membrane proteins:
Link
Holds cells adjacent to one another with tissue allowing them to communicate
Membrane proteins:
Cholesterol
A lipid molecule that stabilizes plasma membrane fluid structure during temperature changes
Membrane proteins:
Glycolipids and Glycoprotiens
Help identify the cell as part of the body
Phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable substances get across by?
(2 ways)
- Passive transport -
no ATP (energy required) - Active transport -
ATP (energy required)
Passive transport
(3 types)
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Concentration gradient
Diffusion
Movement of solute molecules from high concentration to low concentration
There are 2 types of diffusion
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Non-polar solutes pass through the phospholipid bilayer without the need for a membrane protein
Facilitated diffusion
Polar solutes cross the phospholipid bilayer with the help of a carrier or channel
Osmosis
The movement of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water
Osmotic pressure
Water pressure
Driving force exerted by solute molecules causes water molecules to move until equilibrium is reached
Tonicity
Way to compare osmotic pressure gradients between 2 solutions. Cytosol and ECF (extracellular fluid)
Hypertonic ECF
Solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. Cell shrinks in size.
Hypotonic ECF
Solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell. Cell takes in water and expands.
Isotonic ECF
Concentration is equal both outside and inside the cell. Cell stays the same size.
Solution
Solute + Solvent
Solute
That is being dissolved
Ex. Salt
Solvent
What is doing the dissolving
Ex. Water
Crenates
Water gets pulled out of cell and cell shrinks.
Lyse
Cell ruptures because water is being pulled into the cell swelling it.
Active transport
Requires ATP (energy) to proceed solutes that move through the cell.
Vesicles
Small sacs filled with large molecules
Enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer.
Requires ATP
Allows macromolecules to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
Endocytosis
( 5 of them)
Entering the cell
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
4. Exocytosis
5. Transcytosis
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
Process where cells ingest large particles like bacteria or dead damaged cells or parts of cells
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Process wear cells ingulf fluid droplets from ECF.
Receptor- mediated endocytosis
Uses receptors to fill vesicles with a specific molecule.
Excocytosis
Large molecules exit cells. Also known as secretion
Transcytosis
Molecules are brought into the cell by endocytosis. Transported across the cell to the opposite side and then secreted by exocytosis.
Cytoplasmic organelles:
(6 of them)
- Mitochondria
- Peroxisomes
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysomes
Organelles
Function
Cellular structures with specific functions vital to maintaining homeostasis.
Mitochondria
Power plant of cell
Membrane-bound organelles involved in chemical energy production.
Provides majority of ATP used in cell.
Peroxisomes
Detoxify
Makes hydrogen peroxide H2O2
Oxidizes toxic chemicals into less toxic molecules that can then be expelled by the body
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Large folded phospholipid bilayer exist in 2 forms,
Rough (RER) Has ribosomes attached
Smooth (SER) doesn’t have ribosomes attached.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Packages proteins into transport vesicles made of a phospholipid bilayer.