Week 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of structure
In Greek, it means “ cutting up”
Physiology
The study of function
In greek, it means “relationship to nature”
Characteristics of Living organisms (there are 7)
- Cellular composition
- Metabolism
- Growth
- Excretion
- Responsiveness/ Irritability
- Movement
- Reproduction
Characteristics of Living organisms:
Cellular composition
Cells are the basic unit of life
1. Smallest organism to carry out the function of life.
2. All living organisms are composed of cells.
Characteristics of Living organisms:
Metabolism
Meta = all together
Organisms that carry out a # of chemical reactions.
Characteristics of Living organisms:
Growth
Where building outweights breaking down procces
1. The growth of individual cells in size.
2. Increased # of cells.
Characteristics of Living organisms:
Excretion
An organism process to eliminate potentially toxic waste products produced by metabolism.
Characteristics of Living organisms:
Responsiveness/ Irritability
Organisms’ ability to sense and react to changes or stimuli in the environment.
Characteristics of Living organisms:
Movement
The ability of an organism to move or individual cells’ movement or of material within or between cells.
Characteristics of Living organisms:
Reproduction
- Cells reproduce to replace old and dead cells.
- Organism creates offspring.
Levels of Structure Organization (there are 6 from smallest to largest)
- Chemical lvl
- Cellular lvl
- Tissue lvl
- Organ lvl
- Organ system lvl
- Organism lvl
Levels of Structure Organization:
Chemical lvl
Smallest lvl
1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Macromolecule
Levels of Structure Organization:
Cellular lvl
Groups of many different molecules get together and create cellular structures.
1. Organelles
2. Cells
Levels of Structure Organization:
Tissue lvl
More than 2 cells combine to perform a common function, membrane sheets that cover cavities and cartilage. Cells and surrounding extracellular matrix.
Levels of Structure Organization:
Organ lvl
2 or more tissues combine to form a structure or organ.
Levels of Structure Organization:
Organ system lvl
2 or more organs carry out a broad function in the body.
Levels of Structure Organization:
Organism lvl
Organ systems function together to make up working human body.
Anatomical position
Frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described. Human standing, facing forward with palms out.
Anterior
Front/ Beginning
Posterior
Backside/ End
Ventral
Stomach side
Dorsal
Back side
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Cranial
Head area
Caudal
Tail
Proximal
Close too
Distal
Far from
Medial
Close to the center of the body.
Lateral
Away from the center of the body.
Superficial
Surface
Deep
Inside of
Axial region
Head, neck, and trunk.
Appendicular region
Upper and lower limbs.
Antebrachial
Forearm
Brachial
Upper arm
Cervical
Neck
Costal
Ribs
Crucral
Lower leg
Femoral
Upper leg
Gluteal
Butt
Lumbar
Lower back
Mammary
Breast
Pectoral
Chest
Sternal
Middle of chest.
Occipital
Back of skull/ brain
Vertebral
Spinal column
Nasal
Nose
Tarsal
Ankle region
Sagittal
Left and right sides
Midsagittal
Equal left and right side.
Parasagittal
Uneven left on right side.
Oblique
Cut at an angle
Frontal (coronal)
Separates the body into anterior and posterior.
Transverse
Separates the body into superior and inferior.
Dorsal body cavity (2 cavities)
It is located on the posterior side.
1. Cranial cavity - brain
2. Vertebral cavity - spine
Ventral body cavity (2 cavities)
Located on the frontal side.
1. Thoracic
2. Abdominopelvic
Thoracic cavity (3 smaller cavities)
- Pleural cavities (left & right lungs)
- Midiastinum region
- Pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity (2 cavities)
- Abdominal cavity - stomach
- Pelvic cavity- uniary bladder
Abdominopelvic cavity quadrants
RUQ LUP
RLQ LLQ
Abdominopelvic cavity segments
Right and left regions are hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac/ inguinal
Middle regions are
Epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric
Serous membrane
Thin sheets of tissue.
Serous fluid
Liquid found between two layers of serous membrane
Visceral layer
In contact with organ
Parietal layer
Touching cavity wall
Peritoneal membranes
Surrounds some of abdominal organs.
Retroperitoneal organs
Organs on the backside, such as the kidneys and pancreas
Homeostasis
Maintenance of internal environment. Imbalances can lead to disease or death.
Positive feedback loops.
Happen less often than negative feedback loops. Effectors’ activity increases and reinforces stimuli. Encouraging
Examples are childbirth and bleeding.
Negative feedback loops
Stopping
Examples are keeping body temperature.
Receptors
Provide information about stimuli.
Control center
Change is compared to set point.
Effectors
Change is corrected.
Axillary
Armpit
Calcaneal
Heel bone
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Umbilical
Belly button
