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Bio 103 A & P 1 > Chapter 11 Intro. Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Intro. Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous system

A

°Controls our perception and experience of the world.
° Directs voluntary movement.
° Seat of consciousness, personality learning, and memory.
° Regulate homeostasis.

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2
Q

2 divisions of the Nervous system
What are they?

A

°CNS - central nervous system
°PNS - peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

CNS are what parts of the body?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS are what parts of the body?

A

Consist of all nerves in the body
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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5
Q

Functions of the nervous system
(3 functions)

A

°Sensory function (PNS)
°Integrative functions (CNS)
°Motor functions

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6
Q

Sensory function (PNS)

A

°Sensory receptors gather info. about internal & external environment
°Afferent division carries info to CNS

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7
Q

Integrative functions (CNS)

A

Analyze and interpret incoming sensory info. and determines response

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8
Q

Motor functions

A

°action performed in response to integration
°efferent division carries info away from CNS

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9
Q

efferent division
(2 types of nervous systems)

A

carries info away from CNS
°Somatic nervous system
°Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Carries info. to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Carries info. to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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12
Q

Afferent division

A

Carries info to CNS

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13
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells that are responsible for receiving and sending signals in the form of action potentials

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14
Q

Structure of neurons

A

°cell body
°dendrites
°axon

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15
Q

Structure of neurons
Cell body (soma) :

A

°nucleus
°cytoplasm with organelles

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16
Q

Structure of neurons
Dendrites:

A

Processes that receive info from other neurons, conduct impulse towards soma

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17
Q

Structure of neurons
Axon:

A

A processes that is a nerve fiber that conducts impulse away from soma

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18
Q

Processes

A

Cytoplasic extensions
Dendrites and axon

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19
Q

Structural neurons
(3 of them)

A

°Multipolar neurons
°Bipolar neurons
°Unipolar neurons

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20
Q

Structural neurons
Multipolar neurons:

A

(motor)
Single axon with multiple dendrites

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21
Q

Structural neurons
Bipolar neurons:

A

(Sensory)
One axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them.

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22
Q

Structural neurons
Unipolar neurons:

A

(Sensory)
Has only one fused axon that extends from the cell body and divides into 2 processes.

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23
Q

Functional neurons
(3 of them)

A

°Sensory
°Interneurons
°Motor

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24
Q

Functional neurons
Sensory neurons

A

(Afferent neurons)
Carries info towards CNS, they are Unipolar neurons and Bipolar neurons

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25
Q

Functional neurons
Interneurons

A

(Association neurons)
Relay info within CNS between sensory neurons and motor neurons, makes up most of the neurons in the body are Multipolar neurons

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26
Q

Functional neurons
Motor neurons

A

(Efferent neurons)
Carries info away from cell body in CNS to muscles and glands they are Multipolar neurons

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27
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system
°Nuclei- cluster of neuron cell bodies
°tracts- bundle of axons

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28
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system
°ganglia- cluster of neuron cell bodies
°nerves- bundle of axons

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29
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supports and protects the neurons, maintains their environment and divides, and fills any spaces left by dead neurons

30
Q

The 4 neuroglia of the CNS:

A

°Astrocytes
°Oligodendrocytes
°Microglia
°Ependymal cells

31
Q

Neuroglia CNS
Astrocytes

A

Large star shaped cells
That transport nutrients and gases from blood vessels to neurons, creates the blood brain barrier (BBB)

32
Q

Neuroglia CNS
Oligodendrocytes

A

Create myelin in the CNS

33
Q

Neuroglia CNS
Microglia

A

When damaged turns into phagocytic cells

34
Q

Neuroglia CNS
Ependymal cells

A

Ciliated cells that produce and distribute cerebral spinal fluid

35
Q

The 2 neuroglia of the PNS:

A

°Schwann cells
°Satillite cells

36
Q

Neuroglia PNS
Schwann cells

A

Creat myelin in PNS

37
Q

Neuroglia PNS
Satellite cells

A

Supportive functions

38
Q

Myelin

A

Made out of repeating layers of phospholipid plasma membrane, used for insulation of axon

39
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Spaces between the myelin sheath

40
Q

White mater

A

Myelinated axons

41
Q

Gray matter

A

Unmyelinated axon

42
Q

Local potential

A

(Graded potential)
Travel short distance

43
Q

Action potential

A

Travels the full length of an axon
Can cause maximum depolarization
It either happens or not doesn’t Doesn’t depend on strength, frequency, or length of stimulus like local potentials.

44
Q

Ion channels

A

Ions pass through specific protein channels for diffusion

45
Q

Resting Membrane potential
(RMP)

A

-70mV

46
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Determines diffusion of ions across the plasma membrane

47
Q

Electrical gradient

A

°Positive outside plasma membrane
°Negative inside plasma membrane

48
Q

Chemical gradient

A

°Na+ (sodium) outside plasma membrane
°K+ (potassium) inside plasma membrane

49
Q

Ion movements
(3 of them)

A

°Depolarization
°Repolarization
°Hyperpolarization

50
Q

Ion movements
Depolarization

A

The movement of Na+ (sodium) across the plasma membrane into the cell. Membrane potential becomes more positive.

51
Q

Ion movements
Repolarization

A

Movement of K+ (Potassium) across the plasma membrane out of the cell. Membrane potential becomes negative, returning to MRP.

52
Q

Ion movements
Hyperpolarization

A

To much K+ (potassium) exits the cell, making the membrane potential more negative past the RMP

53
Q

Refractory

A

Period of time after neuron has generated an action potential, when neuron cannot be stimulated to generate another action potential.

54
Q

Conduction speed

A

Influenced by both axon diameter and presence or absence of myelination

55
Q

2 types of conduction.

A

Saltatory conduction
Continuous conduction

56
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Myelinated axons Increase speed of conduction, exhibit jumping

57
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Unmyelinated axon, slower

58
Q

Neuronal synapse

A

Where a neuron meets its target cell.

59
Q

Most synapse are…

A

Chemical

60
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A

Can be excitatory or inhibitory

61
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

A

(EPSP)
Membrane potential moves closer to threshold.

62
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials

A

(IPSP)
Membrane potential moves further away from threshold.

63
Q

Neutral integration

A

Process in which postsynaptic neuron integrates all incoming information into a single effect.

64
Q

Neurotransmitters
(5 types)

A

°Ach
°adrenaline
°dopamine
°serotonin
°GABA

65
Q

Neurotransmitters
Ach

A

Acetylecholine
Works at cholinergic synapse
(Excitability)

66
Q

Neurotransmitters
Adrenaline

A

Works at adrenergic synapse

67
Q

Neurotransmitters
Dopamine

A

Lack of it causes Parkinson disease

68
Q

Neurotransmitters
Serotonin

A

Lack of it causes depression.

69
Q

Neurotransmitters
GABA

A

An inhibitor
Lack of it leads to anxiety.

70
Q

Neural circuits

A

Patterns of semantic connections between neural pools.

71
Q

Diverging, circuits.

A

One neuron sends impulses to multiple post synaptic neurons.

72
Q

Converging circuits.

A

Axon terminals from multiple neurons converge onto a single postsynaptic neuron

Bio 103 A & P 1 (12 decks)

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