WK 3 SOCIAL Flashcards
what are attitudes according to bohner and dickel 2011
what are 4 factors
Evaluation of an object of thought
-Not directly observable
-Multiple components
-Relatively consistent
-Different levels of awareness
Tripartite model of attitudes
components
Affect- Emotional reaction
Cognition- Beliefs, thoughts
Behaviour- Reaction tendency
importance of considering what is observable and what is not
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger, 1954)
The function of attitudes is to reduce cognitive dissonance (i.e., a mismatch between thoughts and behaviour)
Cognitive dissonance can be a motivator for attitude change thought or behaviour
Self-perception: People become aware of their attitudes by observing their behaviour
Katz’s theory of attitudes (4 functions)
- Adaptive or instrumental
Attainment or avoidance of goals
-Knowledge
explain and predict the environment
-Value expressive
one’s identity
-Ego defence
protecting from possible harms
How are attitudes formed
-Classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-Mere Exposure
-Imitation
Mere Exposure (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968)
Direct repeated experience often results in preference (i.e., compared to objects less often encountered).
Imitation attitude foramtion
Copy of someone’s behaviour More positive attitudes
Adank, Stewart, Connell, and Wood (2013) Imitation of regional accents led to more positive attitudes toward the accent imitated
Attitude change Elaboration Likelihood Model (Cacioppo & Petty, 1984; Petty & Wegener, 1999
2 routes
Central Route
Message elaboration; the path of cognitive processing that involves scrutiny of message content
Peripheral Route
Mental shortcut process that accepts or rejects a message based on irrelevant/superficial cues
Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Wegener, 1999)
Target Factors
Personal relevance (involvement) (e.g., Petty & Brinol, 2009)
Need for cognition (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996)
Distraction
Prior knowledge
Personality traits (e.g., self-esteem)
Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Wegener, 1999)
message factors
Strong vs. weak arguments
Long arguments
Unilateral vs. bilateral arguments
Need for closure (Pierro et al., 2004)