wk 12 - moral dev Flashcards
conscience
internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individuals ability to conform with standards of conduct acceepted in their culture
Empathy is
an emotional reaction to another’s emotional state or
condition that is similar to that person’s state or condition
Sympathy is
the feeling of concern for another person (or animal)
in reaction to the other’s emotional state or condition; often an
outcome of empathizing with another’s negative emotion or
situation
Genetic indiv dif in prosocial behaviour
-identical twins more similar in prosocial beha than DZ twins.
-however, may arise indirectly from diff in temperament
environmnetal indiv dif in prosocial behaviour
vironmental influences
– socialisation (in the family) is a strong
influence on prosocial development
– Children are more likely to imitate the
prosocial behaviour of adults with
whom they have a positive relationship
(Yarrowet al., 1973
Antisocial behaviour:
Antisocial behaviour is harmful behaviour intended to
bring negative consequences to another
Piaget concluded that children went
through two stages of moral development:
-Heteronomous morality
-Autonomous morality
heteronomous morality:
- Children not yet in the concrete operational stage (in the pre-operational stage, before age of ~7 yrs)
- Rules are fixed, no context
- focus on action + concequence, not intentions
- governed by parents expectations
Autonomous morality:
Children firmly in the concrete operational stage or beyond
-develop ability to take another’s perspective, develop “theory of mind”
-No longer blindly accept rules
-* Can consider individual’s intentions when they perform a
particular behaviour
Stage 1 of Moral reasoning
Punishment Orientation
Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment
Stage 2 of Moral reasoning
Instrumental orientation or personal gain
Rules are obeyed for personal gain
Stage 3 of Moral reasoning
‘Good boy’ or ‘Good girl’ orientation
Rule are obeyed for approval
Stage 4 of Moral reasoning
Maintenance of the social order
Rule are obeyed to maintain social order
Stage 5 of Moral reasoning
Morality of contract and individual rights
Rules are challenged if they infringe on the rights of others
Stage 6 of Moral reasoning
Morality of Conscience
Individuals have a personal set of ethical principles
Level 1: Pre-Conventional morality
Stage 1: Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental orientation or personal gain
Level 2: Conventional morality
Stage 3: ‘Good boy’ or ‘Good girl’ orientation
Stage 4: Maintenance of social order
Social Domain Theory
This theory proposes that moral development is not stage-like, but
rather is a more gradual change based on 3 factors:
-the child’s social interactions with peers
-the child’s social interaction with adults
-direct socialization from their parents (parents teach children
how to behave, both explicitly through instruction, and implicitly
by example)
Moral judgements
decisions which pertain to the issues of right and wrong, fairness and justice
Social conventional judgements
decisions which pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organisation
Personal judgements
Decisions that refer to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration (e.g., deciding
whether or not to eat a packet of crisps for lunch)
Children begin to differentiate between moral and social
conventional issues as early as age ____, and see moral
transgressions as more serious offenses (Smetana & Braeges,
1990)
3
- It is likely that people in all cultures
differentiate between moral, social
conventional, and personal domains
of functioning, but there are some
cultural differences as to how a
given behaviour is viewed =
Children in India are much more likely
than children in the United States to
say that helping others is a moral,
rather than a personal, choice (Miller
et al., 1990)
Conscience develops slowly over time
– The conscience of a young child primarily reflects internalised ___(a)___
standards (Hoffman, 1982, Konchanska, 2002)
-Conscience reins-in antisocial behaviour and improves __(b)__
*
– __(c)__-year-olds understand some moral standards and rules and begin to show guilt when they do something wrong (Kopp, 2001)
a) parental
b) compliance
c)Two
– Children typically adopt their parents’ moral values if…
* their parents use ___(A)___ rather than harsh discipline
* the children are __(b)__ attached (Konchanska et al., 2002)
a) rational explanations
b) securely
At about age _____, children start to more clearly differentiate
between another’s emotional distress and their own (RadkeYarrow & Zahn-Waxler, 1984) although their responses may
still be egocentric (Hoffman, 1990)
2
Parents who are _____ and
supportive tend to have children who
are high in prosocial behaviour and
sympathy
* Discipline involving ______ fosters
voluntary prosocial behaviour, especially
when the reasoning points out the
____ of the child’s behaviour
for others (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998)
constructive
reasoning
consequences
Physically aggressive behaviour emerges around _____
and increases until about age 2, when it decreases in
frequency (Coie & Dodge, 1998)
– But, the development of language skills sees an increase in ___________ ______ (e.g., teasing/name-calling Bonica et al., 2003)
18 months
verbal aggression,
Preschoolers (3-5 years) often show ____ aggression
as they learn to share (Fabes & Eisenberg, 1992)
instrumental
Children prone to reactive aggression (i.e.,
emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression) are
particularly likely to perceive other people’s
motives as ____ and to generate and accept ________ responses to provocation
hostile
aggressive
Children prone to _______ _______(i.e.,
unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need
or desire) tend to anticipate more ______ social
consequences for aggression
proactive aggression
positive
Aggression declines in most children from age __ - __ (Shaw et al.,
2003)
But some children develop frequent and serious problems
with aggression
2-8
Early-onset conduct problems are associated with a range of
______ ______ ______ (e.g., Aguilar et al., 2000)
* Late-onset (adolescent) conduct problems tend to emerge
from ____ _____ (McCabe et al., 2001
family risk factors
peer interactions
