wk 3 Dev

Question 1

sources of continuity

3 processes which work together from birth to propel development forward

Answer 1

-Assimilation
-Accommodation
-Equilibration

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

process by which people translate incoming information into a form they can understand

Question 3

Accomodation

Answer 3

process by which people adapt current knowlege structures in response to new experiences

Question 4

Equilibration

Answer 4

The process by which people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Question 5

Piagets discontinuities (changes)

hierarchical stages’ 4 central properties

Answer 5

Qualitative change e.g: morality - beh vs intention (cookie jar)

-Broad applicability (many examples of a process)

-Brief transitions (rapid)

-Invariant sequence (no skip stage)

Question 6

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 6

1-Sensorimotor
2-Pre-operational
3- Concrete operational
4-Formal operational

Question 7

Piaget stage 1: sensorimotor age:

how experience world
2 acquisition
1 error

Answer 7

Birth - 2 yrs
infant get to know world through senses.

achieve object permanence at 8 months

achieve Deffered immitation: repeat beh substatioal time after it occoured
error: A not B error

Question 8

stage 2: Pre-operational stage

how experience world
1 acquisition
2 error

Answer 8

2-7 yrs

children start to rely on internal representations of the world based from mental imagery and language

acquisition: symbolic representation one object stand for another (banana phone)

error: egocentrism, perceive world solely from own view
error: conservation error: changing appearance of object can change their quantity e.g: spacing cubes out

Question 9

Stage 4: Formal operational stage

12 yr +

Answer 9

Cognitive development
culminates in the ability to think
abstractly and to reason
hypothetically
* Individuals can imagine
alternative worlds and reason
systematically about all possible
outcomes of a situation

(doesn’t always occour)

Question 10

Stage 3: concrete operational stage
(7 – 12 years)

which type of thinking remains difficult

Answer 10

Children begin to
reason logically about
the world
* They can solve
conservation problems,
but their successful
reasoning is largely
limited to concrete
situations
* Thinking systematically
remains difficult

Question 11

who is Lev Vygotsky

Answer 11

Parent of sociocultural approach to child
development

His theory presents children as social
beings, intertwined with other people who
are eager to help them gain skills and
understanding

Question 12

Piaget considered children to be
“……” trying to
understand the world on their
own

Answer 12

little scientists

Question 13

VYGOTSKYS 2 levels of mental functioning

Answer 13

lower

higher

Question 14

Cultural mediation

Answer 14

transmission of knowledge through social interactions with other people

Question 15

Interactions allow a child to learn the ____ _____ (also
known as cultural artefacts) of his/her society
– These include language, values, skills and other _____ _____ that
represent the shared knowledge of a culture
* Eventually, a child understands a cultural tool and can use it
independently (i.e., without the help of social interaction);
this process is known as _________

Answer 15

cultural tools

symbolic systems

internalisation

Question 16

piaget vs Vygotsky attitude towards private speech

Answer 16

Piaget called this “egocentric speech”
* Vygotsky viewed it as foundation for all higher cognitive
processes. Indeed that language and thought are integrally
related
– Helps guide behaviour
– Used more when tasks are difficult, after
errors, or when confused
– Gradually becomes more silent
– Children with learning and behavioural
problems use it for longer
– External-to-internal develops with age, but
also experience

Question 17

Sociocultural theorists believe that change occurs
through ______ _______

Answer 17

social interaction

Question 18

Although cultural content varies, the processes that
produce development are the same in all societiese.g:
(4)

Answer 18

– Intersubjectivity
– Zone of Proximal
Development
– Social Scaffolding
– Guided participation

Question 19

Intersubjectivity

joint attention-> when does develop

Answer 19

The mutual understanding that people share during
communication

Joint attention: A process in which social partners
intentionally focus on a common referent in the external
environment

develop 9 month

Question 20

Social referencing:

Answer 20

The
tendency to look to social
partners for guidance about
how to respond to
unfamiliar or threatening
events

Question 21

Zone of proximal development

Answer 21

Refers to the range of performance between what children
can do unsupported and what they can do with optimal
support

Question 22

Social scaffolding

Answer 22

A process in which more competent people provide a
temporary framework that supports children’s thinking at a
higher level than children could manage on their own (into
the ZPD)
* The quality of scaffolding that people provide tends to
increase as people become older and gain experience
– Adults and older children provide higher quality social scaffolding
through guided participation than peers do through play

Question 23

piaget view on education

Answer 23

The content and level of the
teaching has to be adjusted to
where the child is in their
development.

Question 24

vygotsky view on education

Answer 24

Teaching should aim to challenge the child
by giving tasks just above their actual
competence into the Zone of Proximal
Development