dev wk10

Question 1

Norm of Reaction (Dobzhansky, 1955)

Answer 1

Refers to all the
phenotypes that
could theoretically
result from a given
genotype, in
relation to all the
environments in
which it could
survive and
develop

Question 2

The case of PKU

Answer 2

Children with phenylketonuria (PKU)—
a disorder that is related to a defective gene on
chromosome 12—are unable to metabolize
phenylalanine
– Present in some foods such as sweeteners
* With early diagnosis and a properly restricted
diet, however, cognitive impairment resulting
from PKU can be avoided
* Genotype can result in different phenotypes
depending on the environment

Question 3

Bowlby’s 4 phases of attachment

name and time

Answer 3

Preattachment phase (0-6 wk)

Attachment-in-the-making (6 WKS TO 6-8MNTH)

Clear-cut attachment (6-8mnth to 1-2 yr)

Reciprocal relationships (1-2 yr onward)

Question 4

bowlbys phases of attachment

1. Preattachment phase

Answer 4

infant produces innate signals that bring others to their side and is comforted by interaction that follows

Question 5

Bowlby’s 4 phases of attachment

2. Attachment-in-the-making (6 weeks to 6-8 months)

Answer 5

phase where infants begin to responds preferentially to familiar people

Question 6

Bowlby’s 4 phases of attachment
people
3. Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months to 1-2 years)

Answer 6

infant actively seek contact with regular caregivers and typically showing separation protest

Question 7

Bowlby’s 4 phases of attachment

4. Reciprocal relationships

Answer 7

Involves children taking an active role in developing
working partnerships with their caregivers

Question 8

“Attachment Theory: The WEIRDest Theory in the World”

WEIRD:

Answer 8

WEIRD: Western Educated Industrialised Rich and Democratic
countries

Question 9

young infants Sense of self in infancy

Answer 9

rudimentry sense of self in first few months as they have control over objects

Question 10

Sense of self in infancy at 8 months

Answer 10

separation distress

Question 11

Sense of self in infancy 18-20 months

Answer 11

mirror recognition and shopping cart test

Question 12

Sense of self in infancy 30 month

Answer 12

almost all children reconise their photograph

Question 13

Sense of self in infancy 3 yrs old

Answer 13

children’s exhibition of embarrassment, shame, self assertive behaviour, use of language indicates their self awareness

Question 14

Sense of self in infancy age 3-4

Answer 14

children understand themselves in terms of concrete, observable characteristics related to physical attributes, physical activities and abilities, and psychological traits. (Harter 1999)

Question 15

Children begin to refine their conceptions of self in school, in
part because they increasingly engage in social comparison
(Frey & Ruble, 1985),

which is..

Answer 15

the process of comparing aspects of
one’s own psychological, behavioural, or physical functioning
to that of others in order to evaluate oneself

Question 16

During the _____ year, infants’ perceptual abilities allow them to
distinguish man/boy from girl/woman using gender cues
– Such cues include hairstyle (Intons-Peterson, 1988) and vocal pitch
(Martin et al., 2002)

Answer 16

first

Question 17

By the latter half of their ___ year, children begin forming
gender-related expectations about the kinds of objects and
activities that are stereotypically associated with men and women

Answer 17

second

Question 18

Between their ___ and ____ birthdays children come to know
which gender group(s) they feel they “belong” to and by age ___, use
gender terms (e. g., “boy”) in their speech (Fenson et al., 1994)

Answer 18

second

third

3

Question 19

Maintains that there are genetic predispositions towards
gender differences in behaviour, which have emerged because
they offer reproductive advantages
– For example…,

mens ability to ..

womens ability to…

Answer 19

evolutionary psychologists argue that good spatial reasoning might have been selected for men because men who had the ability to track animals over distances could better insure the survival of themselves and their offspring (Geary, 2004)
– Similarly, women’s tendency to build strong social alliances with other women could have insured assistance with childcare, benefiting their offspring (Miller et al., 2002)