White blood cell abnormalities

Question 1

Neutrophilia is when there is

Answer 1

Increased number of circulating neutrophils

Question 2

When does neutrophilia occur

Answer 2

Excitement/ physiological
Stress
Inflammation
Rarely with granulocytic leukaemia

Question 3

Segmented nucleus

Answer 3

Neutrophils

Question 4

What can be the cause of neutrophilia

Answer 4

Pattern of charges in other cell types- what are the other cells doing
Magnitude of change- how much is the change in cells
Morphology of cells- is there changes in cell structure
History, signalment clinical signs- comparison to analysers

Question 5

Where are neutrophils produced

Answer 5

Bone marrow

Question 6

What are the different types of pools

Answer 6

Proliferating pools
Maturing pool
Storage pool

Question 7

What is storage pool

Answer 7

Held until when we need them

Question 8

What is proliferating pool

Answer 8

Stem cells are becoming neutrophils

Question 9

What is mature pool

Answer 9

Bands become mature

Question 10

Physiological response features

Answer 10

Secondary to epinephrine release
Short lived
In young animals

Question 11

Stress response triggers

Answer 11

Cortisol production

Question 12

What type of corticosteroids is in stress response

Answer 12

Endogenous
Exogenous

Question 13

What is lymphopenia

Answer 13

Increase in lymphocyte

Question 14

Eosinopenia is

Answer 14

Decrease in eosinophils

Question 15

How long does stress response last

Answer 15

Lasts for 24hrs, longer if prolonged steroid exposure

Question 16

Inflammatory leukograms

Answer 16

Presence of left shift or toxic change
Magnitude of changes depends on
Duration
Severity of inflammation
Nature of inflammation
Species of animal

Question 17

What is left shift

Answer 17

Where we have immature band neutrophils in the circulation as when demand is high immature forms are released from the bone marrow

Question 18

What is regenerative left shift

Answer 18

Neutrophilia with mainly mature neutrophils with some immature forms

Question 19

Degenerative left shift is

Answer 19

More immature forms than mature neutrophils.
Neutrophil count may be normal, mildly raised, reduced
Leukaemoid reduction- very high neutrophil count with strong left shift

Question 20

What is toxic change

Answer 20

When changes occur due to accelerated rate of neutrophil production

Question 21

In toxic change, what is seen with marked inflammations

Answer 21

Bacterial infections
Marked tissue necrosis

Question 22

What can be reflected by immaturity of cells being released into blood

Answer 22

Toxic change

Question 23

Where are dohle bodies

Answer 23

Rough ER

Question 24

Signs of toxic change

Answer 24

Dohle bodies
Increased cytoplasmic basophilia
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Toxic granulation
Cell and nuclear swelling

Question 25

What are the species differences in response to inflammation

Answer 25

Cats and dogs capable of marked neutrophilis more than horses

Question 26

When do ruminants typically see in the initial stages of inflammation

Answer 26

Neutropenia

Question 27

What is endotoxaemia

Answer 27

A sign of acute neutropenia in horses

Question 28

Endotoxin causes

Answer 28

Margination of neutrophils- sticking to blood vessel wall

Question 29

Neutropenia in cats and dogs due to

Answer 29

Storage pools are so large so low neutrophil count with inflammation is uncommon

Question 30

Neutropenia is

Answer 30

The deficiency of circulating neutrophil

Question 31

Neutropenia in cattle is

Answer 31

Transient neutropenia with acute inflammation

Question 32

Neutropenia in other species

Answer 32

Severe overwhelming inflammation

Question 33

Decreased production of neutrophils is due to

Answer 33

Bone marrow disorder

Question 34

Causes of neutropenia

Answer 34

Toxins Drugs Infectious agents Neoplasia Myelodysplastic syndromes Immune mediated destruction

Question 35

Eosinophilia rhyme

Answer 35

Worms wheezes and weird diseases

Question 36

Eosinophilia is

Answer 36

Increased numbers of circulating eosinophils

Question 37

How does eosinophil occur

Answer 37

Response to IL-S released by T cells and histamine release by mast cells Parasitic condition Allergic/ hypersensitivity Paraneoplastic- mast cell neoplasia lymphoma

Question 38

What pulls eosinophils into the tissue

Answer 38

Histamine released by mast cells

Question 39

Eosinopenia is

Answer 39

Deficiency of circulating eosinophils

Question 40

What’s part of Eosinopenia

Answer 40

Endogenous or exogenous steroids inhibit mast cells degranulation and neutralise histamine Eosinopenia by itself is of little diagnostic significance

Question 41

What is a stress leukogram

Answer 41

Cortisol release decreases urge of eosinophil to histamine

Question 42

What is monocytosis

Answer 42

Increased numbers of circulating monocytes

Question 43

What is monocytosis features

Answer 43

Excitement Stress Inflammation Monocytic leukaemia Monocytopenia- decrease in no, of monocytes

Question 44

Lymphocytosis is

Answer 44

Increased number of circulating lymphocytes

Question 45

What is lymphopenia

Answer 45

Deficiency of circulating lymphocytes

Question 46

When does lymphopenia occur

Answer 46

Acute inflammation Endotoxaemia

Question 47

What is haematopoietic neoplasia

Answer 47

Cancer in the blood

Question 48

What happens in haematopoietic neoplasia

Answer 48

Clonal proliferation of haematopoietic progenitor cells- makes more and more copies of itself due to mutations

Question 49

What agents are involved

Answer 49

Retroviruses- FeLV,BLV and ALV Herpes virus- mareks disease

Question 50

Tumour groups include

Answer 50

Leukaemia Plasma ell tumours Lymphoma Mast cell tumours Histiocytic disease

Question 51

Leukaemias primary site is in the

Answer 51

Bone marrow

Question 52

Process of leukaemia

Answer 52

Moves from marrow into the blood and from there can secondarily infiltrate into tissue

Question 53

What type of cancer can be diagnosed on routine haemotology

Answer 53

Leukaemia

Question 54

Classification of leukaemia I is

Answer 54

Degree of maturation of cells involved Acute- immature Chronic- mature

Question 55

Subleukemic or a leukaemia is

Answer 55

Presence or absence of neoplastic cells in the blood

Question 56

Aleukaemic is

Answer 56

No neoplastic cells being released into the blood

Question 57

Classification of leukaemia II is the two categories of

Answer 57

Lymphoid Myeloid

Question 58

Types of lymphoid

Answer 58

Most common B cell T cell

Question 59

Types of myeloid

Answer 59

Erythroid Granulocytic Monocytic Megakaryocytic

Question 60

What is myeloid

Answer 60

Anything that’s not a lymphocyte

Question 61

Consequences of leukaemia

Answer 61

Myelophthisis- replacement of bone marrow population by neoplastic cells- deficiencies in other cell lines Splenomegaly Haemodynamics- if very high wbc, blood is thicker impairing blood flow through microvasculature- hyperviscosity syndrome

Question 62

What age can you get acute leukaemia

Answer 62

Any age but particularly small animals

Question 63

Features of acute leukaemia

Answer 63

Aggressive disease Present acutely and often very sick Immature blast cells in the circulation Many are thrombocytopenuc

Question 64

Clinical signs of acute leukaemia

Answer 64

Lethargy Anorexia Weight loss Pyrex is Shifting limb lameness Bleeding from mouth/nose Neurological signs

Question 65

On physical exam what can be seen from acute leukaemia

Answer 65

Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly Lymphadenopathy Patachloe Ecchymoses

Question 66

Chronic leukaemia is present in what age group

Answer 66

Older

Question 67

What has a slow onset and progresses slowly

Answer 67

Chronic leukaemia

Question 68

Clinical signs in chronic leukaemia

Answer 68

May be none- incidental finding Gradual weight loss Lethargy Mild Splenomegaly