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Module 2 vet med > White blood cell abnormalities > Flashcards

White blood cell abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophilia is when there is

A

Increased number of circulating neutrophils

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2
Q

When does neutrophilia occur

A

Excitement/ physiological
Stress
Inflammation
Rarely with granulocytic leukaemia

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3
Q

Segmented nucleus

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

What can be the cause of neutrophilia

A

Pattern of charges in other cell types- what are the other cells doing
Magnitude of change- how much is the change in cells
Morphology of cells- is there changes in cell structure
History, signalment clinical signs- comparison to analysers

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5
Q

Where are neutrophils produced

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What are the different types of pools

A

Proliferating pools
Maturing pool
Storage pool

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7
Q

What is storage pool

A

Held until when we need them

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8
Q

What is proliferating pool

A

Stem cells are becoming neutrophils

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9
Q

What is mature pool

A

Bands become mature

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10
Q

Physiological response features

A

Secondary to epinephrine release
Short lived
In young animals

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11
Q

Stress response triggers

A

Cortisol production

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12
Q

What type of corticosteroids is in stress response

A

Endogenous
Exogenous

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13
Q

What is lymphopenia

A

Increase in lymphocyte

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14
Q

Eosinopenia is

A

Decrease in eosinophils

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15
Q

How long does stress response last

A

Lasts for 24hrs, longer if prolonged steroid exposure

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16
Q

Inflammatory leukograms

A

Presence of left shift or toxic change
Magnitude of changes depends on
Duration
Severity of inflammation
Nature of inflammation
Species of animal

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17
Q

What is left shift

A

Where we have immature band neutrophils in the circulation as when demand is high immature forms are released from the bone marrow

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18
Q

What is regenerative left shift

A

Neutrophilia with mainly mature neutrophils with some immature forms

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19
Q

Degenerative left shift is

A

More immature forms than mature neutrophils.
Neutrophil count may be normal, mildly raised, reduced
Leukaemoid reduction- very high neutrophil count with strong left shift

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20
Q

What is toxic change

A

When changes occur due to accelerated rate of neutrophil production

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21
Q

In toxic change, what is seen with marked inflammations

A

Bacterial infections
Marked tissue necrosis

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22
Q

What can be reflected by immaturity of cells being released into blood

A

Toxic change

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23
Q

Where are dohle bodies

A

Rough ER

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24
Q

Signs of toxic change

A

Dohle bodies
Increased cytoplasmic basophilia
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Toxic granulation
Cell and nuclear swelling

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25
Q

What are the species differences in response to inflammation

A

Cats and dogs capable of marked neutrophilis more than horses

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26
Q

When do ruminants typically see in the initial stages of inflammation

A

Neutropenia

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27
Q

What is endotoxaemia

A

A sign of acute neutropenia in horses

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28
Q

Endotoxin causes

A

Margination of neutrophils- sticking to blood vessel wall

29
Q

Neutropenia in cats and dogs due to

A

Storage pools are so large so low neutrophil count with inflammation is uncommon

30
Q

Neutropenia is

A

The deficiency of circulating neutrophil

31
Q

Neutropenia in cattle is

A

Transient neutropenia with acute inflammation

32
Q

Neutropenia in other species

A

Severe overwhelming inflammation

33
Q

Decreased production of neutrophils is due to

A

Bone marrow disorder

34
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Toxins
Drugs
Infectious agents
Neoplasia
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Immune mediated destruction

35
Q

Eosinophilia rhyme

A

Worms wheezes and weird diseases

36
Q

Eosinophilia is

A

Increased numbers of circulating eosinophils

37
Q

How does eosinophil occur

A

Response to IL-S released by T cells and histamine release by mast cells
Parasitic condition
Allergic/ hypersensitivity
Paraneoplastic- mast cell neoplasia lymphoma

38
Q

What pulls eosinophils into the tissue

A

Histamine released by mast cells

39
Q

Eosinopenia is

A

Deficiency of circulating eosinophils

40
Q

What’s part of Eosinopenia

A

Endogenous or exogenous steroids inhibit mast cells degranulation and neutralise histamine
Eosinopenia by itself is of little diagnostic significance

41
Q

What is a stress leukogram

A

Cortisol release decreases urge of eosinophil to histamine

42
Q

What is monocytosis

A

Increased numbers of circulating monocytes

43
Q

What is monocytosis features

A

Excitement
Stress
Inflammation
Monocytic leukaemia
Monocytopenia- decrease in no, of monocytes

44
Q

Lymphocytosis is

A

Increased number of circulating lymphocytes

45
Q

What is lymphopenia

A

Deficiency of circulating lymphocytes

46
Q

When does lymphopenia occur

A

Acute inflammation
Endotoxaemia

47
Q

What is haematopoietic neoplasia

A

Cancer in the blood

48
Q

What happens in haematopoietic neoplasia

A

Clonal proliferation of haematopoietic progenitor cells- makes more and more copies of itself due to mutations

49
Q

What agents are involved

A

Retroviruses- FeLV,BLV and ALV
Herpes virus- mareks disease

50
Q

Tumour groups include

A

Leukaemia
Plasma ell tumours
Lymphoma
Mast cell tumours
Histiocytic disease

51
Q

Leukaemias primary site is in the

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

Process of leukaemia

A

Moves from marrow into the blood and from there can secondarily infiltrate into tissue

53
Q

What type of cancer can be diagnosed on routine haemotology

A

Leukaemia

54
Q

Classification of leukaemia I is

A

Degree of maturation of cells involved
Acute- immature
Chronic- mature

55
Q

Subleukemic or a leukaemia is

A

Presence or absence of neoplastic cells in the blood

56
Q

Aleukaemic is

A

No neoplastic cells being released into the blood

57
Q

Classification of leukaemia II is the two categories of

A

Lymphoid
Myeloid

58
Q

Types of lymphoid

A

Most common
B cell
T cell

59
Q

Types of myeloid

A

Erythroid
Granulocytic
Monocytic
Megakaryocytic

60
Q

What is myeloid

A

Anything that’s not a lymphocyte

61
Q

Consequences of leukaemia

A

Myelophthisis- replacement of bone marrow population by neoplastic cells- deficiencies in other cell lines
Splenomegaly
Haemodynamics- if very high wbc, blood is thicker impairing blood flow through microvasculature- hyperviscosity syndrome

62
Q

What age can you get acute leukaemia

A

Any age but particularly small animals

63
Q

Features of acute leukaemia

A

Aggressive disease
Present acutely and often very sick
Immature blast cells in the circulation
Many are thrombocytopenuc

64
Q

Clinical signs of acute leukaemia

A

Lethargy
Anorexia
Weight loss
Pyrex is
Shifting limb lameness
Bleeding from mouth/nose
Neurological signs

65
Q

On physical exam what can be seen from acute leukaemia

A

Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Patachloe
Ecchymoses

66
Q

Chronic leukaemia is present in what age group

A

Older

67
Q

What has a slow onset and progresses slowly

A

Chronic leukaemia

68
Q

Clinical signs in chronic leukaemia

A

May be none- incidental finding
Gradual weight loss
Lethargy
Mild Splenomegaly

Module 2 vet med (16 decks)

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