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Module 2 vet med > Anatomy and physiology of rbcs > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology of rbcs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Transport
Regulation
Defence

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2
Q

Aspects of the blood to look at clinically include

A

Volume of the blood
Packed cell volume

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3
Q

What is PCV- packed cell volume

A

Tells you the proportion of the cells that make up that sample

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4
Q

What happens when you take blood and spin it

A

Separates into plasma and cellular components

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5
Q

What do we use to spin blood

A

Centrifuge

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6
Q

Blood is made up of

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes

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7
Q

What colour is plasma

A

Yellow- colourless

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8
Q

When would plasma have a cloudy appearance

A

When there is a high lipid content

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9
Q

Why would there be a high lipid content in plasma

A

High levels of fat in the bloodstream

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10
Q

How is plasma obtained from blood

A

Using anticoagulant

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11
Q

Why is anticoagulant needed in plasma sampling

A

So a clot can be formed

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12
Q

Does plasma contain clotting factors

A

Yes

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13
Q

Does serum contain clotting factors

A

No

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14
Q

Difference between serum and plasma

A

Serum is the liquid you get off blood that is derived from clotting factors

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15
Q

In what animals is there a high concentration of albumin to globulin

A

Humans
Sheep
Goats
Dogs

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16
Q

In what mammals is there an equal concentration of albumin to globulins

A

Horses
Pigs
Cows
Cats

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17
Q

Where is albumin formed

A

Liver

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18
Q

What is albumin a source of

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

What is globulin formed by

A

Immune cells

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20
Q

Where is fibrinogen formed

A

Liver

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21
Q

What other components does plasma contain

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Dissolved nutrients
Waste products

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22
Q

Site of blood cell production in foetus

A

Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen

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23
Q

Site of blood cell production in young animal

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

Site of blood cell production in old animal

A

Bone marrow

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25
Q

As age increases what happens to the amount of places that blood cells are produced

A

Decreases

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26
Q

Types of mature blood cells

A

Lymphocyte
Erythrocyte
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Platelets

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27
Q

What is the function of an erythrocyte

A

Supply oxygen

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28
Q

What is the structure of an erythrocyte

A

Biconcave disc- increased surface area

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29
Q

How is oxyhaemoglobin formed

A

Oxygen reacts with Fe in the haem

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29
Q

Reticulocytes are

A

Nucleated immature rbcs

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30
Q

What type of relationship does Haemoglobin and oxyhameoglobin have

A

Dynamic relationship

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31
Q

Haemoglobin shows what type of binding

A

Cooperative

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32
Q

Haemoglobin molecules can hold how many oxygen molecules

A

4

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33
Q

Affinity of Hb for O2 can be influenced by

A

PH
Temperature
CO2 concentration

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34
Q

At the start of partial pressure graph what happens

A

At very low partial pressure
Sharp increase
First molecule of oxygen binds then second molecule has higher affinity to bind.

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35
Q

Curve can shift depending on

A

Conditions

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36
Q

What factors to shift curve to the right

A

Low pH
High temperature
High CO2 concentration

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37
Q

To shift curve to left

A

High pH
Low temperature
Low CO2 concentration

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38
Q

Lungs O2 in

A

Loaded

39
Q

Tissue 02 is

A

Unloads

40
Q

Iron

A

Hb production, lost via excretion, skin sloughing, blood loss

41
Q

Folic acid is needed for

A

Needed for DNA and RNA synthesis

42
Q

Vitamin B12 is needed for

A

Maturation of erythrocytes and formation of DNA

43
Q

What happens when erythropoietin decreased O2 delivery to kidney

A

Stimulates increased EPO production

44
Q

What are the red cell indices

A

MCV- mean corpuscular volume
MCH- mean corpuscular Hb content
MCHC- mean corpuscular Hb concentration

45
Q

Are there antigens on erythrocytes

A

Yes

46
Q

Natural isoantibodies are produced

A

In absence of immune reaction

47
Q

Immune antibodies are produced

A

Following exposure to foreign antigens

48
Q

Humans have naturally occurring what

A

Isoantibodies

49
Q

Horses have the blood isoantigens

A

A C D K P Q T U

50
Q

Cattle has the blood isoantigens

A

A B C F-V J L M N S Z R-S

51
Q

Sheep have the blood isoantigens

A

A B C D M R-O X-Z

52
Q

What breed has naturally occurring isoantibodies

A

Cat

53
Q

Cats have what blood group

A

A B AB

54
Q

Type B cats have what type of anti antibodies

A

A

55
Q

Haemostasis is

A

Spontaneous arrest of bleeding from a ruptured vessel

56
Q

What are the three main physiological processes in haemostasis

A

Vascular response
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation to form a clot

57
Q

Vascular response process

A

Damage to endothelium causes constriction of smooth muscle wall.
Maintained by substances released from endothelium and platelets.

58
Q

Platelet plug formation process

A

Platelet will move out of blood vessel and into the wound to make contact with collagen.
When they make contact with collagen they become activated and this causes a conformational change in platelets.
Actin and myosin in platelets cause smooth muscle to contract.

59
Q

Platelet plug formation from when the smooth muscle contracts process

A

After smooth muscle contracts tbis causes cells to contract then this releases secretory vesicles which contain enzymes

60
Q

What enzymes are in the vesicles in platelet plug formation

A

Arachadonic acid which enters the blood stream to form thromboxane A

61
Q

What happens to the activated platelets

A

Sticky and attaches to von Willebrand factor

62
Q

What is von Willebrand

A

Protein which sets on endothelium wall

63
Q

The thromboxine A causes

A

Activation of platelets

64
Q

When other platelets pass by what happens

A

They stick together and form a plug

65
Q

In healthy tissue what acts on arachondic acid

A

Prostacyclin

66
Q

What does arachondic acid and prostacyclin combine to make

A

Prostagland I which means not all platelets are aggrevated

67
Q

Coagulation is

A

Complex series of reactions

68
Q

Prothrombin gets turned into

A

Thrombin

69
Q

Thrombin gets turned into

A

Inactive factor XIII which gets activated

70
Q

Active factor xiii gets converted to

A

Stabilised fibrin

71
Q

Thrombin gets converted to

A

Fibrinogen to loose fibrin

72
Q

What does stabilised fibrin do

A

Clots the blood linked together to trap rbcs

73
Q

Calcium is required because

A

Blood wont clot

74
Q

Anti clotting mechanism

A

PG12 inhibits platelet aggression

75
Q

Dissolution of a blood clot depends on two processes

A

Clot retraction
Fibrinolysis

76
Q

Urokinase is

A

Tissue type plasmiogen activator, activated by kalikrien or plasmin but does not bind to fibrin

77
Q

Dissolution of a blood clot is a

A

Self limiting system

78
Q

Anti clotting drugs/ agents

A

Aspirin
Coumarin derivatives
K dependent clotting factors
Heparin
Calcium chelating agents

79
Q

Aspirin what does it do

A

Inhibits COX and thus inhibits thrombotane A2 production thus reduced platelet aggregation and coagulation

80
Q

Coumarin derivative what does it do

A

Affects production of vitamin K dependent clotting factors within the liver

81
Q

Heparin what does it do

A

Natural cofactor of anti thrombin III

82
Q

What is bleeding time

A

Time to form primary plug after stab or incision. Screening test for vascular and platelet disorders

83
Q

Whole blood clotting time what is it

A

Time taken for 1ml of blood to clot

84
Q

One stage prothrombin test what is it

A

Plasma incubated with tissue thromboplastin and clotting initiated by the addition of calcium

85
Q

Activated partial prothrombin test

A

Plasma is activated under controlled conditions in the presence of phospholipid and clotting is activated by calcium

86
Q

Von Willebrand disease is the most common bleeding disorder in

A

Dogs

87
Q

What breeds is Von Willebrand common in

A

Doberman
Scottish terrier
Shetland
Sheepdog

88
Q

What is transmitted as a autosomal trait

A

Von Willebrands disease

89
Q

Haemophilia is a

A

Factor XIII deficiency

90
Q

Haemophilia doesn’t have a

A

Normal clotting disease

91
Q

What breed is haemophilia common in

A

German Shepard

92
Q

Haemophilia is a what type of condition

A

Sex linked recessive

93
Q

Clinical signs of haemophilia seen in early life

A

Excessive bleeding
Haematoma
Internal bleeding
Death

94
Q

Haemophilia is what type of factor deficiency

A

Factor IX

95
Q

Factor IX deficiency is Most common in what breeds

A

Cairn terriers, German wire haired terriers, st Bernard’s, coon hounds, Scottish terriers, old English sheepdogs

96
Q

Factor IX deficiency is less common than

A

Factor XIII

Module 2 vet med (16 decks)

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