Anatomy and physiology of rbcs Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of blood
A
Transport
Regulation
Defence
2
Q
Aspects of the blood to look at clinically include
A
Volume of the blood
Packed cell volume
3
Q
What is PCV- packed cell volume
A
Tells you the proportion of the cells that make up that sample
4
Q
What happens when you take blood and spin it
A
Separates into plasma and cellular components
5
Q
What do we use to spin blood
A
Centrifuge
6
Q
Blood is made up of
A
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
7
Q
What colour is plasma
A
Yellow- colourless
8
Q
When would plasma have a cloudy appearance
A
When there is a high lipid content
9
Q
Why would there be a high lipid content in plasma
A
High levels of fat in the bloodstream
10
Q
How is plasma obtained from blood
A
Using anticoagulant
11
Q
Why is anticoagulant needed in plasma sampling
A
So a clot can be formed
12
Q
Does plasma contain clotting factors
A
Yes
13
Q
Does serum contain clotting factors
A
No
14
Q
Difference between serum and plasma
A
Serum is the liquid you get off blood that is derived from clotting factors
15
Q
In what animals is there a high concentration of albumin to globulin
A
Humans
Sheep
Goats
Dogs
16
Q
In what mammals is there an equal concentration of albumin to globulins
A
Horses
Pigs
Cows
Cats
17
Q
Where is albumin formed
A
Liver
18
Q
What is albumin a source of
A
Amino acids
19
Q
What is globulin formed by
A
Immune cells
20
Q
Where is fibrinogen formed
A
Liver
21
Q
What other components does plasma contain
A
Enzymes
Hormones
Dissolved nutrients
Waste products
22
Q
Site of blood cell production in foetus
A
Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
23
Q
Site of blood cell production in young animal
A
Bone marrow
24
Q
Site of blood cell production in old animal
A
Bone marrow
25
As age increases what happens to the amount of places that blood cells are produced
Decreases
26
Types of mature blood cells
Lymphocyte
Erythrocyte
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Platelets
27
What is the function of an erythrocyte
Supply oxygen
28
What is the structure of an erythrocyte
Biconcave disc- increased surface area
29
How is oxyhaemoglobin formed
Oxygen reacts with Fe in the haem
29
Reticulocytes are
Nucleated immature rbcs
30
What type of relationship does Haemoglobin and oxyhameoglobin have
Dynamic relationship
31
Haemoglobin shows what type of binding
Cooperative
32
Haemoglobin molecules can hold how many oxygen molecules
4
33
Affinity of Hb for O2 can be influenced by
PH
Temperature
CO2 concentration
34
At the start of partial pressure graph what happens
At very low partial pressure
Sharp increase
First molecule of oxygen binds then second molecule has higher affinity to bind.
35
Curve can shift depending on
Conditions
36
What factors to shift curve to the right
Low pH
High temperature
High CO2 concentration
37
To shift curve to left
High pH
Low temperature
Low CO2 concentration
38
Lungs O2 in
Loaded
39
Tissue 02 is
Unloads
40
Iron
Hb production, lost via excretion, skin sloughing, blood loss
41
Folic acid is needed for
Needed for DNA and RNA synthesis
42
Vitamin B12 is needed for
Maturation of erythrocytes and formation of DNA
43
What happens when erythropoietin decreased O2 delivery to kidney
Stimulates increased EPO production
44
What are the red cell indices
MCV- mean corpuscular volume
MCH- mean corpuscular Hb content
MCHC- mean corpuscular Hb concentration
45
Are there antigens on erythrocytes
Yes
46
Natural isoantibodies are produced
In absence of immune reaction
47
Immune antibodies are produced
Following exposure to foreign antigens
48
Humans have naturally occurring what
Isoantibodies
49
Horses have the blood isoantigens
A C D K P Q T U
50
Cattle has the blood isoantigens
A B C F-V J L M N S Z R-S
51
Sheep have the blood isoantigens
A B C D M R-O X-Z
52
What breed has naturally occurring isoantibodies
Cat
53
Cats have what blood group
A B AB
54
Type B cats have what type of anti antibodies
A
55
Haemostasis is
Spontaneous arrest of bleeding from a ruptured vessel
56
What are the three main physiological processes in haemostasis
Vascular response
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation to form a clot
57
Vascular response process
Damage to endothelium causes constriction of smooth muscle wall.
Maintained by substances released from endothelium and platelets.
58
Platelet plug formation process
Platelet will move out of blood vessel and into the wound to make contact with collagen.
When they make contact with collagen they become activated and this causes a conformational change in platelets.
Actin and myosin in platelets cause smooth muscle to contract.
59
Platelet plug formation from when the smooth muscle contracts process
After smooth muscle contracts tbis causes cells to contract then this releases secretory vesicles which contain enzymes
60
What enzymes are in the vesicles in platelet plug formation
Arachadonic acid which enters the blood stream to form thromboxane A
61
What happens to the activated platelets
Sticky and attaches to von Willebrand factor
62
What is von Willebrand
Protein which sets on endothelium wall
63
The thromboxine A causes
Activation of platelets
64
When other platelets pass by what happens
They stick together and form a plug
65
In healthy tissue what acts on arachondic acid
Prostacyclin
66
What does arachondic acid and prostacyclin combine to make
Prostagland I which means not all platelets are aggrevated
67
Coagulation is
Complex series of reactions
68
Prothrombin gets turned into
Thrombin
69
Thrombin gets turned into
Inactive factor XIII which gets activated
70
Active factor xiii gets converted to
Stabilised fibrin
71
Thrombin gets converted to
Fibrinogen to loose fibrin
72
What does stabilised fibrin do
Clots the blood linked together to trap rbcs
73
Calcium is required because
Blood wont clot
74
Anti clotting mechanism
PG12 inhibits platelet aggression
75
Dissolution of a blood clot depends on two processes
Clot retraction
Fibrinolysis
76
Urokinase is
Tissue type plasmiogen activator, activated by kalikrien or plasmin but does not bind to fibrin
77
Dissolution of a blood clot is a
Self limiting system
78
Anti clotting drugs/ agents
Aspirin
Coumarin derivatives
K dependent clotting factors
Heparin
Calcium chelating agents
79
Aspirin what does it do
Inhibits COX and thus inhibits thrombotane A2 production thus reduced platelet aggregation and coagulation
80
Coumarin derivative what does it do
Affects production of vitamin K dependent clotting factors within the liver
81
Heparin what does it do
Natural cofactor of anti thrombin III
82
What is bleeding time
Time to form primary plug after stab or incision. Screening test for vascular and platelet disorders
83
Whole blood clotting time what is it
Time taken for 1ml of blood to clot
84
One stage prothrombin test what is it
Plasma incubated with tissue thromboplastin and clotting initiated by the addition of calcium
85
Activated partial prothrombin test
Plasma is activated under controlled conditions in the presence of phospholipid and clotting is activated by calcium
86
Von Willebrand disease is the most common bleeding disorder in
Dogs
87
What breeds is Von Willebrand common in
Doberman
Scottish terrier
Shetland
Sheepdog
88
What is transmitted as a autosomal trait
Von Willebrands disease
89
Haemophilia is a
Factor XIII deficiency
90
Haemophilia doesn’t have a
Normal clotting disease
91
What breed is haemophilia common in
German Shepard
92
Haemophilia is a what type of condition
Sex linked recessive
93
Clinical signs of haemophilia seen in early life
Excessive bleeding
Haematoma
Internal bleeding
Death
94
Haemophilia is what type of factor deficiency
Factor IX
95
Factor IX deficiency is Most common in what breeds
Cairn terriers, German wire haired terriers, st Bernard’s, coon hounds, Scottish terriers, old English sheepdogs
96
Factor IX deficiency is less common than
Factor XIII
