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Module 2 vet med > Regenerative anaemia > Flashcards

Regenerative anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaemia

A

A reduction in erythrocyte number

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2
Q

Anaemia is identified by a decrease in one or more of

A

Red blood cell count
Packed cell volume/ haemocrit- PCV or HCT

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3
Q

Acute clincial features of anaemia

A

Pallor
Tachycardia
Muscular weakness
Subnormal temp
Coma
Death

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4
Q

Chronic clinical feature of anaemia

A

Fatigue/ lethargy
Exercise intolerance
Tachycardia
Fainting
Pallor
Cardiac number

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5
Q

Anaemia gives what colour change of membranes

A

Salmon colour to pale mucosal membranes

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6
Q

Anaemia can be caused by

A

Decreased erythrocytes entering the blood and decreased production or increase in erythrocytes exiting the blood

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7
Q

Anaemia can either be

A

Non regenerative
Regenerative

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8
Q

If bone marrow is functioning normally then

A

Increases number of reticulocytes appear in blood- takes 3-5 days to occur

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9
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature rbcs

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10
Q

How do we tell if anaemia is regenerative

A

Increased number of reticulocytes in the blood
Increased polychromasia
Increased anisocytosis
Manual or automated count
Macrocytic hypochromic
Nucleated red cells

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11
Q

What stain do we use

A

Methyl blue stain

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12
Q

What animal has no reticulocytes

A

Horses

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13
Q

What is basophilic stripping in cattle

A

Will release polychromasia but will have another variation- common in ruminants

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14
Q

What happens in regenerative anemia to the cell counts

A

Increased MCV
Decreased MCH
Decreased MCHC

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15
Q

Haemorrhagic anaemia is related to

A

Blood loss

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16
Q

Types of haemorrhagic anaemia

A

Acute eg. After accidents or surgery
Chronic eg. Bleeding from ulcers or tumours
Coagulopathies- clotting disorders eg, rat baits
Internal or external- bleeding through GI tract

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17
Q

Haemotology cbc findings features

A

Normocytic normochromic in first few days

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18
Q

In haemorrhagic regenerative anaemia features include

A

Macrocytic hypochromic
Polychromasia
Anisocytosis
Howell jolly bodies
Thrombocytosis
Neutrophilia

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19
Q

Degree of regeneration in haemorrhagic anaemia depends on

A

Severity of blood loss
Location of bleeding- internal or external
Internal bleeding, Fe is available for Hb synthesis which is greater regeneration

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20
Q

What else is lost in haemorrhagic regenerative anaemia

A

Proteins- not just rbcs being lost
Hypoproteinaemia- decrease in albumin and globulin

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21
Q

Haemolytic anaemia affects rbc survival time by

A

Reducing it

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22
Q

Haemolytic anaemia is

A

Reduced rbc survival time- early destruction of red cells

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23
Q

Blood picture features

A

Markedly regenerative- iron from destroyed erythrocytes is retained in the body
Additional findings depending on pathogenesis- colour of plasma, morphology of cells

24
Q

Methods of red cell destruction

A

Extravascular lysis
Intravascular lysis

25
Q

Extravascular lysis pathway

A

Phagocytosis of rbc or splenic enlargement
Iron and globin Haem
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
Circulation
Bilirubin and albumin
Jaundice

26
Q

Intravascular lysis pathway

A

Lysis of rbc in circulation
Free Hb in the blood or Haemoglobinaemia- red colour in plasma
Free Hb
Haptoglobins
Phagocytosis jaundice

27
Q

From addition of haptoglobins

A

Saturation of haptoglobins
Hb appears in kidney
Haemoglobinuria- red urine due to free Hb
Toxic nephrosis

28
Q

Acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

Infectious agents
Toxic/ oxidative compounds
Fragmentation
Immune mediated

29
Q

Infectious haemolytic anaemia

A

Mycoplasma infection- cats
Babesiosis
Rbcs destroyed by intra or extravascular lysis
Pathogen visible on blood smear detected by PCR

30
Q

Toxic and oxidative haemolytic anaemia

A

Oxidative agents in drugs/ chemicals can reduce glutathione levels on red cells
Haem iron can be oxidised to methaemoglobin

31
Q

Haem Fe oxidation to

A

Methaemoglobin

32
Q

What causes Heinz body formation

A

Oxidative damage to Haemoglobin

33
Q

red cells destroyed by

A

Lysis

34
Q

Examples of things that cause haemolytic anaemia

A

Paracetamol
Onions
Copper poisoning
Zinc
Brassicas
Red maple leaf

35
Q

What causes fragmentation haemolytic anaemia

A

Rbcs subjected to excessive trauma
Features of Intravascular lysis may be present
Schistocytes, acanthocytes- different cell types
Small vessel disorder- microangiopathic
Large vessel disorder

36
Q

Immune mediated haemolytic disorders pathway

A

Production of antibodies
Bind to red cells
Haemolysis

37
Q

Blood group incompatibilities is

A

When blood groups mix

38
Q

Blood group incompatibilities why

A

Blood transfusion reactions
Neonatal isoerythrolysis

39
Q

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia-IMHA

A

Primary/ autoimmune- idiopathic
Secondary- underlying trigger
-drugs/toxins
-infectious agents
-neoplasia
-vaccines

40
Q

Canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. What happens?

A

Production of autoantibodies against own red cells

41
Q

Autoantibodies lead to

A

Phagocytosis

41
Q

Immunoglobulins involved in canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

IgM or IgG

42
Q

Antibodies coat

A

Red cells

43
Q

Aggulation is

A

When rbcs stick together

44
Q

The direct Coombs test. Tests for

A

Immune mediated haemolytic disorder by identifying antibodies.

45
Q

In the direct Coombs test once we have the antibody what is the next step

A

Add in reagent specific for canines then rbc will cause aggulation

46
Q

What type of antibodies cause autoagglutation

A

IgM

47
Q

What is the process of the slide agglutation test

A

Add saline on a slide, then add cells.
This tells agglutation, as blood cells will stick together

48
Q

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

A haemolytic disease of the newborn animals.

49
Q

What is the cause of neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

Mother has antibodies of different blood group, if newborn has the different blood group then there is destruction of the neonates rbcs

50
Q

How do a mother and neonates antibodies combine?

A

Absorbed through colostrum

51
Q

How long does neonatal isoerythrolysis take to show signs

A

12 to 48hrs

52
Q

What are the feline blood groups

A

A B AB

53
Q

What blood group of felines have naturally occurring antibodies to blood group A felines

A

B

54
Q

When does feline neonatal isoerythrolysis occur

A

When kittens with type A or AB are born to type B mothers

55
Q

How can feline neonatal isoerythrolysis be prevented

A

In house blood typing kits
Prevent access to colostrum for susceptible kittens

Module 2 vet med (16 decks)

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