What should we focus on? Just know everything. Flashcards
What is clinical proteinuria defined as?
Loss of >500mg/day
normally we excrete 10-100mg/day
What is a critical value for glucose on urine dipstick?
> 1000mg/dl with small, medium, or large ketones
What is a critical value for urine colony count?
> 50,000 colonies/mL
Persistent pHs greater than 7.0 are associated with?
calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and magnesium-ammonium phosphate stones
pH’s below 5.5 are associated with?
cystine and uric acid stones.
An increase in urobilinogen indicates?
hemolytic anemia, cirrhosis or viral hepatitis
Urobilinogen is absent in?
total biliary obstructions
a dark yellow or greenish brown color of urine generally suggests?
bilirubin in the urine seen with pt’s with obstructions of the bile duct.
A dipstick can detect as few as how many RBCs in a dipstick?
1-2 RBCs PHF, All positive dipsticks require further evaluations.
What value of RBCs is considered abnormal?
> 3 RBCs PHF
A normal healthy person may have the presence of RBCs after exercise.
True
Persistent RBCs may indicate
1) Glomerulonephritis
2) Kidney stones
3) Cancer
4) Infection
Myoglobin may also lead to a false positive and is highly suggestive of?
Rhabdomyolysis
Potentially significant pyuria is defined as?
> 3 WBCs PHF
What can give a semi-quantitive estimate of pyuria, thus can be considered an indirect test for UTI’s?
Leukocyte Esterase and WBCs
What is another indirect indicator of a UTI?
Nitrite
Glucose is filtered where?
Kidneys
When glucose reaches a level of ___ in the blood, the ability to absorb glucose is exceeded.
(will find glucose in the urine) 180mg/dl
Glycosuria is suggestive of
Diabetes
When assessing for glucose what else must be tested?
Ketones
Ketonuria and glucose is suggestive of?
uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
What are cylindrical masses of glycoprotein that form in the tubules?
Casts
What type of casts may be found in urine and are clear?
Hyaline casts
What are cellular casts indicative of?
intrinsic renal disease
WBC casts suggest?
Intrarenal inflammation
Epithelial cell casts suggest?
Tubular destruction
RBC casts are seen in?
Glomerulonephritis
What should be first considered when microorganisms are found in the urine?
Contamination
What level is normal for epithelial cells?
1 PHF
What is an increase in number of epithelial cells indicative of?
acute tubular necrosis or inflammation as seen in glomerulonephritis.
