Findings in the urine Flashcards
What is the quantity of glucose in the urine dependent on?
- blood glucose level,
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption.
What level of glucose will cause glucosuria to appear?
threshold level of 160-180 mg/dL in the blood is exceeded.
What does glucose in the urine indicate?
diabetes mellitus, or any condition that causes hyperglycemia.
What is the presence of ketones in urine as a result of incomplete fatty acid utilization?
Ketonuria
What does ketones in the urine indicate?
Diabetes mellitus
What is increase ketone in blood and urine?
Ketosis
What may cause ketosis?
a) Decreased intake of carbohydrates (starvation)
b) Decreases utilization of carbohydrates (diabetis mellitus)
c) Digestive disturbance or dietary imbalance (high fat diet, low carbohydrate diet)
d) Eclampsia
e) Prolonged vomiting
f) Diarrhea
What appears red and “smoky” on urine sample?
Occult blood
What may cause intact RBCs to be present in the urine?
a) Damage/trauma to the kidney or urinary tract.
b) Renal diseases
c) May also be due to menstrual contamination or exercise.
What renal diseases are associated with occult blood?
- Glomerulonephritis
- Malignant hypertension
- polycystic kindey disease
Any condition that causes jaundice will result in appearance of what in the urine?
Bilirubin
If bilirubin is a cause of jaundice, what organ is affected?
Liver (hepatocellular disease)
What color is the urine when bilirubin is present?
Brown to black (amber)
Is Urobilinogen
normally present in the urine?
Yes, in concentrations of 1 EU or less
Are small Urobilinogen amounts up to 1 mg/dL in the urine normal.?
Yes
Any increase in urobilinogen indicates what?
Liver disease and hemolytic disease
What is the normal range of pH for urine?
4.6 to 8.0
Since urine pH averages around 6, is it acidic or basic?
Acidic
What pathologic conditions may cause acidic urine?
1) Respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
2) UTI by E. coli.
3) Uremia.
4) Severe diarrhea.
5) Starvation.
What may cause alkalinic urine?
1) UTIs caused by Proteus and Pseudomonas species.
2) Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis.
What is an important indicator of renal disease?
Protein in the urine
What are the two mechanisms of proteinuria?
1) Glomerular damage.
2) Defect in the reabsorption process of the tubules.
What are some diseases associated with minimal protein?
a) Polycystic kidneys.
b) Chronic pyelonephritis.
c) Inactive chronic glomerulonephritis
d) Benign orthostatic proteinuria.
What is considered minimal proteinuria?
<0.5g/day
What is considered moderate proteinuria?
0.5 – 3.5 g/day
What is considered severe proteinuria?
> 3.5 g/day
What diseases are associated with moderate proteinuria?
a) Nephrosclerosis.
b) Tubular interstitial disease.
c) Preeclampsia.
d) Multiple myeloma.
e) D diabetes nephropathy.
f) Malignant hypertension.
g) Pyelonephritis with hypertension.
h) Toxic nephropathies.
What diseases are associated with severe proteinuria?
a) Glomerulonephritis.
b) Lupus nephritis.
c) Amyloid disease.
d) Lipoid nephrosis.
e) Intercapillary Glomerulosclerosis.
f) Severe venous congestion of the kidney
What causes nitrites in the urine?
breakdown of nitrates by organisms that cause UTIs. - E. Coli
What is the term for presence of bacteria in urine, indicative of UTI?
Bacteriuria
What is an indirect test for bacteriuria?
Leukocyte esterase urine test - this tests for presence of white blood cells in the urine which indicates UTI
What finding in the urine is associated with an inflammatory process in or around the urinary tract (i.e. UTI, acute glomerulonephritis)?
Leukocyturia
What is a common clinical tool for the evaluation of various renal and nonrenal problems (what the fuck does that even mean “nonrenal”…literally everything other than FUCKING RENAL IS NONRENAL….BAAAHHHHHH FUCK THIS SCHOOL
UA
