Wet room Thorax 1

Question 1

What is the pharynx?

Answer 1

Membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus.

Question 2

What is the larynx?

Answer 2

It is a set of cartilages, membranes and ligaments which produce sound from expired air and protects the inlet to the respiratory system.#

(it is the voice box)

Question 3

What is the larynx attached to?

Answer 3

It is attached to the hyoid bone superiorly and is continuous inferiorly with the trachea at C6.

Question 4

What supplies the larynx?

Answer 4

By branches of the vagus nerve for both motor and sensory innervation.

Question 5

Which cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)?

Answer 5

Thyroid cartilage

Question 6

Which structure prevents solid and liquids entering the laryngeal inlet?

Answer 6

Epiglottis

Question 7

Which cartilages are attached to the vocal cords?

Answer 7

Thyroid cartilage + Arytenoid cartilage

Question 8

What type of cartilage are the cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 8

They are all Hyaline except from the epiglottis which is Elastic cartilage.

Question 9

What is the Trachea?

Answer 9

It is the inferior continuation of the larynx at C6, through the thoracic inlet, to vertebra T4 (sternal angle), where it bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi.

Question 10

How many rings comprise the trachea?

Answer 10

20

Question 11

What is the muscle completing the tracheal rings posteriorly?

Answer 11

Trachealis

- This is smooth muscle

Question 12

What is the name of the final, keel-shaped, cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea?

Answer 12

Carina

Question 13

What are the arteries lying immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck called?

Answer 13

Common carotid arteries

Question 14

What is the nerve lying lateral to the trachea on both sides?

Answer 14

Vagus nerve

Question 15

What are the grooves called lying between the trachea and oesophagus on both sides?

Answer 15

The tracheo-oesophageal grooves

Question 16

At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into the two main bronchi?

Answer 16

T4

Question 17

Which of the two main bronchi is the shorter, wider and more vertical?

Answer 17

Right bronchus

Question 18

What are the two major arteries arching above the left main bronchus?

Answer 18

Left pulmonary artery and Aorta

Question 19

What is the name of the superior and inferior branches that the right main bronchus gives off before entering the right lung?

Answer 19

Eparterial bronchus and Hyparterial bronchus

Question 20

Name the lymph nodes that lie along and in the cleft between the two main bronchi

Answer 20

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

Question 21

Name the lymph nodes that lie at the hilum of the lung

Answer 21

The bronchomediastinal lymph nodes

Question 22

What is the apex of the lung?

Answer 22

Blunt superior end of the lung ascending above the level of the 1st rib into the root of the neck, covered by cervical pleura.

Question 23

On which lung surface is the hilum found?

Answer 23

Medial surface

Question 24

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 24

The area on the mediastinal surface of the lung through which structures enter or leave the lung.

Question 25

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 25

The structures which enter and leave the lung at the hilum are known collectively as the root of the lung.

Question 26

Which structures constitute the root of the lung?

Answer 26

• Pulmonary vein
• Pulmonary artery
• Bronchus
• Lymph vessels
• Bronchial artery

Question 27

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

Answer 27

Supapleural membrane

Question 28

Where do the lymphatics of the lungs and visceral pleura drain into?

Answer 28

They drain into the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes at the bifurcations of the larger bronchi at the lung hila.

• From here, lymphatics pass to the tracheobronchial nodes (at bifurcation of trachea), which drain eventually into the thoracic duct (left) and right lymphatic duct (right).

Question 29

What are the bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 29

This is a segment of lung supplied by a tertiary (segmental) bronchus and an accompanying branch of the pulmonary artery and bronchial artery and vein.

Question 30

What is the advantage of bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 30

The advantage is that each of these lung segments has its own blood and air supply, which allows a surgeon to remove that particular segment without adversely affecting any neighbouring segments.

Question 31

What structures present within the bronchial wall enable its definitive identification as a bronchus? (Check)

Answer 31

Cartilage plates

Question 32

What are the structures passing through the hilum?

Answer 32

• Pulmonary artery
• Main bronchus
• Superior pulmonary vein
• Inferior pulmonary vein
• Eparterial bronchus - right lung only

Question 33

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 33

The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.

Question 34

What are the vessels of pulmonary circulation?

Answer 34

Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins