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Anatomy Semester 2 > Anatomy of the CVS 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CVS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions of Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

A

Arteries - distribute blood from heart

Capillaries - exchange nutrients

Veins - collect and return blood to the heart

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2
Q

Basic function of Lymphatics

A

Drain excess extracellular fluid from tissues

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3
Q

Where is the cardiovascular system located?

A
  • Heart: middle mediastinum.
  • Blood vessels
  • Lympahtics
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4
Q

Do the brain and eye have lymphatics?

A

NO

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5
Q

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

A

NO

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6
Q

Where are the main structures of the cardiovascular system located?

A

The middle mediastinum

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7
Q

What are the two main circulations of the CV system?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation: heart-lungs-heart
  • Systemic circulation: heart-body-heart

Also hepatic portal circulation: Lymphatic system.

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8
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart?

A
  • 2 L&R pulmonary veins
  • Aorta: ascending, aortic arch, descending
  • Superior vena cava
  • Right pulmonary artery
  • Left pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Inferior vena cava
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9
Q

Between which vertebrae does the heart lie?

A

T5-8

-In recumbent position

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10
Q

Where is the apex located?

A

Left ventricle: 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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11
Q

Where is the left atrium located?

A

LA=base

- It is wholly posterior, lies in front of the oesophagus.

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12
Q

How is the heart positioning different in children?

A

Higher in children and lies more horizontal

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13
Q

What is Dextrocardia with situs inversus?

A

Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus is a rare heart condition characterised by abnormal positioning of the heart.
- In this condition, the tip of the heart (apex) is positioned on the right side of the chest. - Additionally, the position of the heart chambers as well as the visceral organs such as the liver and spleen is reversed (situs inversus).

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14
Q

What is a useful landmark for the heart?

A

T4 sternal angle

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15
Q

What anatomical relations are anterior to the heart?

A
  • Sternum & costal cartilages 4-7
  • Anterior edges lungs and pleurae
  • Thymic remnants
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16
Q

What anatomical relations are posterior to the heart?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Descending aorta
  • Thoracic vertebrae 5-8
17
Q

What anatomical relations are lateral to the heart?

A
  • Lungs

- Phrenic nerve

18
Q

What anatomical relations are inferior to the heart?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

19
Q

What are the main structures of the heart?

A
  • Layers of heart wall
  • Chambers
  • Heart valves
  • Cardiac skeleton
  • Coronary arteries
  • Cardiac veins
  • Pericardium
  • Innervation
20
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Endocardium (innermost):
    epithelium + basement membrane + connective tissue
  • Myocardium (middle): cardiac muscle
  • Epicardium (outermost):
    connective tissue + basement membrane + epithelium
21
Q

Features of Endocardium

A
  • Lines heart chambers
  • Simple squamous epithelium sitting on the basement membrane
  • Sits on connective tissue
  • Forms valves
22
Q

Features of Myocardium

A
  • Thick middle layer of heart wall
  • Cardiac muscle (myocytes): branching fibres
  • Striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, single-central nucleus
  • Rich capillary bed
  • Muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen
  • Myocytes connected by intercalated discs
23
Q

Features of Epicardium

A
  • Outer layer of heart wall
  • Simple squamous epithelium + BM + connective tissue
  • Epithelium = visceral layer of serous pericardium
  • Epicardium contains main branches of coronary arteries
  • May be fatty
24
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle

Direction of blood flow is controlled by valves

25
Q

What are the different borders of the heart?

A
  • Superior border
  • Right border
  • Left border
  • Inferior border
26
Q

Features of heart valves

A
  • Control direction of blood flow
  • Cusps: thin structures derived from endocardium
  • Work passively
  • Chordae tendineae and papillary muscle prevent valve failure
27
Q

Clinically important problems with heart valves

A
  • Abnormalities( imcompetence= widening, stenosis= narrowing)
  • Infection (bacterial endocarditis)
28
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Mitral valve
  • Tricuspid valve
29
Q

Which valves are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral

-Control blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.

30
Q

What do the aortic valve and pulmonary valve control (semilunar valves)?

A

Control blood flow out of the ventricles

31
Q

What is the mitral valve known as?

A

The bicuspid valve

32
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) have?

A

3 cusps

33
Q

Structural support of Fibrous cardiac skeleton

A
  • Atrioventricular septum
  • Roots of great vessels
  • Anchorage for valves
  • Myocytes/capillary network
34
Q

Fibrous cardiac skeleton electrical insulation

A
  • Atria from ventricles

- Myocardium from great vessels

35
Q

Features of coronary arteries

A
  • Right and left
  • At systole openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps
  • At diastole elastic recoil of aorta closes aortic valve and blood enters arteries
  • Located in epicardium
  • At diastole myocardium relaxing and blood can flow into capillaries
  • Occlusion (Blockage) = bad news – heart attack!
  • Must know main branches.
36
Q

What holds the heart in place?

A
  • It “Hangs” by great vessels within fibrous pericardium
  • Dense connective tissue bag
  • Attachments: Central tendon of diaphragm, Sternum, Roots of great vessels.
  • Lined by serous pericardium
37
Q

Features of serous pericardium

A
  • Epithelium
  • Secretes pericardial fluid – lubricant
  • Visceral layer
    Bound to heart (=epicardium)
  • Parietal layer
    Bound to fibrous pericardium
  • Visceral and parietal layers continuous:
    gives closed bag
  • Allows freedom of movement during cardiac cycle

Anatomy Semester 2 (13 decks)

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