CVS dry room 1 Flashcards
What are the subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum?
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Which bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum?
Manubrium
Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?
T1-T4
What plane separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?
Sternal plane (transverse plane)
In which mediastinum is the thymus found?
Anterior mediastinum
In which mediastinum are the heart, pericardium and great vessels found?
Middle mediastinum
In which mediastinum are the descending aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygos vein, sympathetic chain found?
Posterior mediastinum
Identify the 3 layers of pericardium from superficial to deep
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
What is the heart wall composed of?
- An inner Endocardium composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
- A middle Myocardium composed of many layers of cardiac muscle
- An outer Epicardium composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
Which layer belongs simultaneously to the heart wall and the serous pericardium?
Epicardium
Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?
The parietal pericardium
What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?
It anchors the heart to surrounding walls and prevents it from overfilling with blood
What is cardiac tamponade?
It occurs when excess fluid accumulates within the pericardial cavity as a result of a wide variety of pathophysiological factors.
How is the visceral pericardium innervated?
It receives autonomic innervation from T1 - T4 nerves and vagus via the cardiac plexus.
- Same as the heart wall itself
How are the parietal and fibrous layers innervated?
Mainly by the phrenic nerve
Which layers of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres?
Fibrous pericardium & Parietal layer of the visceral pericardium
Where is the left atrium situated?
Base of heart (back, left posterior)
What is the role of the left and right auricles?
They increase the capacity of the atria and so this increases the volume of blood that it is able to contain
Which heart chamber forms the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
Which heart chamber forms the base of the heart?
Left atrium
Fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus.
What function did the latter (foramen ovale) perform?
It allowed the flow of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium
What is Atrial septal defect (ASD)?
It is characterised by a defect in the interatrial septum allowing pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium.
What is the function of the moderator band?
It prevents over distension of the ventricle
- It is located in the right ventricle
How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve?
3
How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?
3
there are 2 in the left ventricle
Which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
Mitral/bicuspid valve
How many cusps are present in the Mitral valve?
2
How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?
2
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
It attaches to the chordae tendineae and prevents the valves from inverting
What is the function of the chordae tendineae?
It connects the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscle
What is ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
- The interventricular septum separates the left and right ventricles of the heart.
- If there is a hole in the wall between the two ventricles, it is called VSD.
