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Anatomy Semester 2 > CVS dry room 1 > Flashcards

CVS dry room 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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2
Q

Which bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

Manubrium

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3
Q

Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1-T4

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4
Q

What plane separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?

A

Sternal plane (transverse plane)

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5
Q

In which mediastinum is the thymus found?

A

Anterior mediastinum

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6
Q

In which mediastinum are the heart, pericardium and great vessels found?

A

Middle mediastinum

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7
Q

In which mediastinum are the descending aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygos vein, sympathetic chain found?

A

Posterior mediastinum

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8
Q

Identify the 3 layers of pericardium from superficial to deep

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

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9
Q

What is the heart wall composed of?

A
  • An inner Endocardium composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
  • A middle Myocardium composed of many layers of cardiac muscle
  • An outer Epicardium composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
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10
Q

Which layer belongs simultaneously to the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

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11
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

A

The parietal pericardium

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12
Q

What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?

A

It anchors the heart to surrounding walls and prevents it from overfilling with blood

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13
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

It occurs when excess fluid accumulates within the pericardial cavity as a result of a wide variety of pathophysiological factors.

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14
Q

How is the visceral pericardium innervated?

A

It receives autonomic innervation from T1 - T4 nerves and vagus via the cardiac plexus.

  • Same as the heart wall itself
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15
Q

How are the parietal and fibrous layers innervated?

A

Mainly by the phrenic nerve

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16
Q

Which layers of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres?

A

Fibrous pericardium & Parietal layer of the visceral pericardium

17
Q

Where is the left atrium situated?

A

Base of heart (back, left posterior)

18
Q

What is the role of the left and right auricles?

A

They increase the capacity of the atria and so this increases the volume of blood that it is able to contain

19
Q

Which heart chamber forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

20
Q

Which heart chamber forms the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

21
Q

Fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus.
What function did the latter (foramen ovale) perform?

A

It allowed the flow of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

22
Q

What is Atrial septal defect (ASD)?

A

It is characterised by a defect in the interatrial septum allowing pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium.

23
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A

It prevents over distension of the ventricle

- It is located in the right ventricle

24
Q

How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve?

A

3

25
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?

A

3

there are 2 in the left ventricle

26
Q

Which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

Mitral/bicuspid valve

27
Q

How many cusps are present in the Mitral valve?

A

2

28
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?

A

2

29
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

It attaches to the chordae tendineae and prevents the valves from inverting

30
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

It connects the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscle

31
Q

What is ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

A
  • The interventricular septum separates the left and right ventricles of the heart.
  • If there is a hole in the wall between the two ventricles, it is called VSD.

Anatomy Semester 2 (13 decks)

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