Dry room - practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What dermatome are the nipples?

A

T4

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2
Q

What dermatome is the xiphoid process?

A

T6

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3
Q

What dermatome is the costal margin?

A

T8

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4
Q

What dermatome is the umbilicus?

A

T10

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5
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root.

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6
Q

What is the dermatome overlying the sternal angle?

A

T2

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7
Q

What is the dermatome overlying the inguinal region?

A

L1

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8
Q

What is lymph?

A

Lymph is essentially plasma which has leaked from capillary beds due to high hydrostatic pressures.

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9
Q

Does every organ and tissue have lymphatic drainage?

A

Yes except cartilage, the eyes, inner ear, brain and spinal cord.

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10
Q

What are the locations of the major groups of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Root of the upper limb (axillary)
  2. Root of the lower limb (superficial and deep inguinal)
  3. Around the pectoralis major muscle (pectoral)
  4. Bifurcation of trachea in thorax (tracheobronchial)
  5. Around root of arteries in the abdomen and pelvis (lumbar/pelvic)
  6. And superficial and deep groups in head and neck (superficial cervical and deep cervical)
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11
Q

Where does the majority of lymph (>75%) drain to?

A

Drains first to the anterior (pectoral) group of axillary lymph nodes.
- The remainder of lymph drains to either the parasternal nodes or to the opposite breast or the abdominal nodes.

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12
Q

Where is the base (glandular part) of the breast located?

A

It is located between ribs 2-6 and between the lateral border of the sternum and the midaxillary line.

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13
Q

What is the glandular part of the breast composed of?

A

It is divided into 16-20 lobes and smaller lobules, and is surrounded by extensive adipose (fatty) tissue.

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14
Q

Why does respiratory passages and lungs appear black on a CT scan?

A

Because they contain air - air shows up black on a CT

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15
Q

From what position does one view a CT scan by clinical convention?

A

From the feet up

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16
Q

What is the relative position of the oesophagus to the trachea at all points along their length?

A

Oesophagus is always posterior to the Trachea

17
Q

Is cartilage present in bronchioles?

A

No

- neither are glands

18
Q

In histology, the presence of what indicates that there is a bronchus?

A

Discontinuous arrangement of hyaline cartilage plates

19
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles?

A

Columnar/cuboidal

20
Q

Is there smooth muscle present in bronchioles?

A

Yes

21
Q

Name 3 types of cell found in the wall of an alveolus and give the function of each

A

Type I cells - Involved in gas exchange
Type II cells - Secrete surfactant to lower surface tension
Macrophages - Destroy foreign materials

22
Q

In histology, the presence of what indicates it is a bronchus?

A

Discontinuous arrangement of hyaline cartilage plates

23
Q

What type of tissue is in the bronchus, containing hyaline cartilage plates?

A

Connective tissue

24
Q

Name 2 types of connective tissue found in the alveolar walls

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells