Dry room - practical 2 Flashcards
What dermatome are the nipples?
T4
What dermatome is the xiphoid process?
T6
What dermatome is the costal margin?
T8
What dermatome is the umbilicus?
T10
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root.
What is the dermatome overlying the sternal angle?
T2
What is the dermatome overlying the inguinal region?
L1
What is lymph?
Lymph is essentially plasma which has leaked from capillary beds due to high hydrostatic pressures.
Does every organ and tissue have lymphatic drainage?
Yes except cartilage, the eyes, inner ear, brain and spinal cord.
What are the locations of the major groups of lymph nodes?
- Root of the upper limb (axillary)
- Root of the lower limb (superficial and deep inguinal)
- Around the pectoralis major muscle (pectoral)
- Bifurcation of trachea in thorax (tracheobronchial)
- Around root of arteries in the abdomen and pelvis (lumbar/pelvic)
- And superficial and deep groups in head and neck (superficial cervical and deep cervical)
Where does the majority of lymph (>75%) drain to?
Drains first to the anterior (pectoral) group of axillary lymph nodes.
- The remainder of lymph drains to either the parasternal nodes or to the opposite breast or the abdominal nodes.
Where is the base (glandular part) of the breast located?
It is located between ribs 2-6 and between the lateral border of the sternum and the midaxillary line.
What is the glandular part of the breast composed of?
It is divided into 16-20 lobes and smaller lobules, and is surrounded by extensive adipose (fatty) tissue.
Why does respiratory passages and lungs appear black on a CT scan?
Because they contain air - air shows up black on a CT
From what position does one view a CT scan by clinical convention?
From the feet up
What is the relative position of the oesophagus to the trachea at all points along their length?
Oesophagus is always posterior to the Trachea
Is cartilage present in bronchioles?
No
- neither are glands
In histology, the presence of what indicates that there is a bronchus?
Discontinuous arrangement of hyaline cartilage plates
What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles?
Columnar/cuboidal
Is there smooth muscle present in bronchioles?
Yes
Name 3 types of cell found in the wall of an alveolus and give the function of each
Type I cells - Involved in gas exchange
Type II cells - Secrete surfactant to lower surface tension
Macrophages - Destroy foreign materials
In histology, the presence of what indicates it is a bronchus?
Discontinuous arrangement of hyaline cartilage plates
What type of tissue is in the bronchus, containing hyaline cartilage plates?
Connective tissue
Name 2 types of connective tissue found in the alveolar walls
Simple squamous epithelium
Cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells
