Wellness And Aging

Question 1

What are the ages ranges for old-old

Answer 1

76+

Question 2

What are the concepts of development genetic theories

Answer 2

the process of again is continuous w/ development
development=aging
aging changes are due to genetic programming
genetic influences contribute to longevity of life/illness/age of death etc

Question 3

What is stochastic theory of aging

Answer 3

Aging changes result from an accumulation of random events or damage fro environmental agents or influences (i.e. pollution)
Aging results from conditions which produces mutations in our DNA
Wear and tear leads to accumulated damage to vital parts of the cell leading to death

Question 4

Normal aging is not what

Answer 4

Age specific

Question 5

What are biological changes considered as in the agin population

Answer 5

gradual progressive physiological changes in various systems

Question 6

What do biological changes include

Answer 6

diseases to the elderly such as CHF or respiratory disorders

Question 7

What happens to the musculoskeletal system as you age

Answer 7

Bone mass decreases

loss of muscle mass leading to decreased strength

Question 8

What are two common musculoskeletal disorders

Answer 8

Osteoporosis

Osteoarthritis

Question 9

What is OA

Answer 9

Bone on bone, no cartilage protection

Question 10

What happens with osteoporosis

Answer 10

Many simple activities can cause stress fractures

Question 11

How is posture affected in aging

Answer 11

postural sway (small circular movt of the body while standing) which is associated with more frequent falls

Question 12

What are changes that happen to the axial skeleton

Answer 12

Forward head position
Increased dorsal kyphosis
flattening of the lumbar spine leading to rounded shoulders,protracted scapula, and slightly flexed elbows

Question 13

What do changes in the axial skeleton influence

Answer 13

Balance
overall wellness
decreased reaction time and speed of movt

Question 14

What decreases with age in regards to the musculoskeletal system

Answer 14

balance nd coordination

Question 15

What is presbystasis

Answer 15

The loss of normal stability due to the incremental and age related changes of the inner ear balance system

Question 16

What happens to the cardiovascular system in regards to age

Answer 16

Decreased muscle cells lost
decreased elasticity of heart walls
L ventricular wall increases
Less effective pump so reduce blood flow to organs
max heart rate decreases
electrical conduction may become abnormal

Question 17

What is the increase in the L ventricle due to

Answer 17

inability of the L ventricle to pump blood to body (back up of blood)

Question 18

What causes electrical conduction of the heart to become abnormal

Answer 18

Fibrotic changes in the heart

Question 19

What is arteriosclerosis

Answer 19

Blood vessels become less elastic and thicken

Question 20

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 20

build up of plaque in vessels causing narrowing of vessels

Question 21

What is a major cause of hypertension

Answer 21

atherosclerosis

Question 22

Who is coronary artery disease most common in

Answer 22

men

Question 23

What does coronary artery disease lead to

Answer 23

Angina (chest pain)
Cardiac arrest
MI
Heart failure

Question 24

As new technology develops to save those with MI what do they go on to get

Answer 24

CHF due to damaged muscle

Question 25

What is vascular dementia

Answer 25

Progressive effects of small stroke | May see abrupt onset of cog changes

Question 26

What is the 2nd most common disease and 3rd most common cause of death in the elderly

Answer 26

CVA

Question 27

Why do older adults have an increased risk of cancer

Answer 27

defense mechanisms changing w/ age (body has cancer suppressing genes that are affected with age) decreased immune response exposure to env factors Decreased DNA repair

Question 28

What does decreased muscle strength in the diaphragm lead to

Answer 28

Causes less chest expansion and retention of mucus in the lung resulting in decreased oxygen in the blood

Question 29

What is COPD usually caused by

Answer 29

smoking

Question 30

What is copd associated with

Answer 30

Chronic bronchitis | Emphysema

Question 31

What does COPD lead to

Answer 31

respiratory failure

Question 32

What is prebyopia

Answer 32

general decline in visual acuity

Question 33

What happens to vision as you age

Answer 33

``` general decline in vision Loss of subcutaneous fat around the eye and decreased muscle tone leading to sunken in eyes Poor night vision blurred vision color sensitivity spotty vision ```

Question 34

What causes blurred vision

Answer 34

decreased corneal transparency

Question 35

what causes poor night vision

Answer 35

degeneration of sclera, pupil, and iris

Question 36

What causes loss of color sensitivity

Answer 36

increase in density and rigidity of the lens

Question 37

Why is reduced glare important in the elderly

Answer 37

They need more light and higher contrast

Question 38

What do retinal changes lead to

Answer 38

spotty vision | narrow the field of vision for an increased blind spot size

Question 39

What are some common age related visual disorders

Answer 39

``` Cataracts Glaucoma Macular degeneration Slowing of CNS info processing Diabetic retinopathy ```

Question 40

What are cataracts

Answer 40

opacity of the lens

Question 41

What is glaucoma

Answer 41

build up of fluid in the eye causing interocular pressure

Question 42

What is age related macular degeneration

Answer 42

painless gradual loss of central vision

Question 43

What can glaucoma lead to if untreated

Answer 43

tunnel vision | blindness

Question 44

What does slowing of CNS info processing lead to

Answer 44

cant react as quickly

Question 45

What is diabetic retinopathy

Answer 45

changes as a result of the disease process of diabetes

Question 46

What is considered the most devastating loss of all sensory systems and why

Answer 46

hearing | social participation is greatly affected and leads to isolation. influences safety and security.

Question 47

What is presycusis

Answer 47

age related hearing loss

Question 48

What is presycusis usually do to

Answer 48

environmental factors

Question 49

what is decreased along with hearing loss

Answer 49

Speech understanding

Question 50

What has been found to occur with hearing loss in older aduts

Answer 50

depression and increase in paranoia

Question 51

What happens to the taste buds as you age

Answer 51

general decrease

Question 52

What does you lose taste for first as you age

Answer 52

Sweet and salty

Question 53

What are taste and smell sensitive to

Answer 53

environmental factors

Question 54

What does the decreased ability to smell lead to

Answer 54

decreased appetite and poor nutrition as food does not taste good anymore

Question 55

What is decreased in the somatosensory system

Answer 55

``` light touch pain temp position sense slower nerve conduction dietary deficiencies diminished circulation ```

Question 56

What are elderly noted to have difficulty with

Answer 56

reacting to extreme hot and cold temp

Question 57

What are some changes that occur in the integumentary system as you age

Answer 57

change in skin color liver spots loss of subcutaneous fat causing wrinkles and jowls bone loss in mandible and maxilla causing chin to be shorter decrease in sweat glands leading to dryer skin ptosis gray hair and thinner and finer nails thicker and yellow

Question 58

What is ptosis

Answer 58

drooping of the upper eyelid

Question 59

what causes nails to be thicker and yellow

Answer 59

decreased circulation

Question 60

What are common problems of the endocrine system in the elderly

Answer 60

Diabetes | hypothyroidism

Question 61

What are NOT common problems of the elderly

Answer 61

Hormonal imbalances except for reduction of thyroxin and insulin

Question 62

What controls metabolic rate

Answer 62

thyroid

Question 63

What happens to the genitourinary system as you age

Answer 63

``` decrease in bladder control (incontinence or urinary retention) Sexual changes ((satisfaction remains) Increase in impotence Benign prostate hypertrophy changes related to menopause ```

Question 64

What does benign prostate hypertrophy cause

Answer 64

blocks flow of urine

Question 65

what do women going through menopause benefit from

Answer 65

estrogen replacement therapy

Question 66

What happens to the nervous system as you age

Answer 66

decrease in cells and overall brain weight | decrease in speed of neuron to neuron transmission

Question 67

What is fluid intelligence

Answer 67

ability to adapt and use new info in reasoning, problem solving and integration

Question 68

what is crystallized intelligence

Answer 68

corresponds to the verbal scales on intelligence tests and reflects the accumulated knowledge and practical skills

Question 69

What happens with age in cognition

Answer 69

lower score in fluid intelligence speed of processing decreases problem solving and abstraction decline

Question 70

what might a crystallized intelligence decrease indicate

Answer 70

disease process

Question 71

What does normal aging not usually affect in memory

Answer 71

the earliest stages of memory like primary and short term memory

Question 72

what is secondary or long term memory

Answer 72

contain unlimited amount of info for almost any length of time

Question 73

where must info be processed and transferred from

Answer 73

from primary to secondary memory

Question 74

What kind of recall is more difficult

Answer 74

free recall is more difficult than cued or structured material

Question 75

What is the term now used to describe cognitive changes related to age vs disease

Answer 75

age related cognitive decline

Question 76

What are the age ranges for young-old

Answer 76

55-75