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562 > Sensory disorders > Flashcards

Sensory disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ciliary muscle

A

tissues and muscles tha surround the lens of the eye

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2
Q

What are canals of Schlemm

A

tube shaped passage carrying air, liquids, or semisolid materials

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3
Q

What is the cornea

A

transparent convex membrane hat covers the pupil and iris

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4
Q

What is the pupil

A

dark circular opening at the center of the iris in he eye where light enters the eye

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5
Q

What is the lens

A

focuses light to produce an image on he light sensitie cells of the retina

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6
Q

What is the iris

A

colored part of the eye that consists of muscular diaphragm surrounding the pupil and regulating the light entering the eye by expanding and contracting the pupil

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7
Q

What is conjunctiva

A

delicate mucous membrane that covers the internal part of the eyelid and is attached to the cornea

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8
Q

What is the vitreous humor

A

fluid component of the gel that fills the main cavity of the eye b/t the lens and retina

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9
Q

What is the sclera

A

dense outer coating of the eyeball that forms the white of the eye

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10
Q

What is the retina

A

light sensitive membrane in the back of the eye containing rods and cones that receive an image from the lens and send it to the brain through the optic n

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11
Q

What is the choroid

A

brownish membrane b/t the retina and sclera that contain blood vessels nd large pigmented cells

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12
Q

What is the macula

A

small yellowish spot in the middle of the retia that provides the greatest visual acuity and color perception

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13
Q

What is the fovea

A

shallow pit in the center or the retina that is free of blood vessels and has the highest concentration of cells sensitive to color and bright light

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14
Q

what is considered legal blindness

A

20/200

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15
Q

What is ambulatory blindness

A

20/800

loss of visual acuity to the extent that vision can no longer guide ambulation

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16
Q

What are retinopathies

A

visual deficits resulting from primary or secondary retinal disease

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17
Q

What are the most common retinopathies

A 
diabetic retinopathy
prematurity 
hypertension
atherosclerosis
AIDS
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18
Q

Cause of retinopathies

A

Retinal detachment
Systemic (ischemia, hypoxia, infection, glaucoma)
Neo-vascularization (eye produces additional blood vessels leading to blood leaking in the eye)

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19
Q

What do retinopathies casue

A

Visual loss

visual acuity affecte

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20
Q

Prevention/tx of retinopathies

A

Tx underlying disease
edu
surgical repair or retina
laser surgery to destroy weakened blood vessels

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21
Q

What is glaucoma caused by

A

increase introcular pressure due to an excessive accumulation of aqueous humor

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22
Q

What does glaucoma cause damage to

A

optic n

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23
Q

What are the 2 causes of glaucoma

A

Vascular: increase pressure causes decreased blood flow
Mechanical:structures near optic n opening are affected caused increased pressure on the n axons

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24
Q

S&S of glaucoma

A

Gradual and subtle , harmful or destructive onset
loss of peripheral vision
profress to center of vision field
halo vision
mild eye pain which becomes intense
cornea bulges and is unresponsive to light
can lead to total blindness

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25
Q

Prevention for glaucoma

TX

A

Eye exams, edu

Meds,surgery

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26
Q

What are cataracts

A

progressive clouding of the lens

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27
Q

What causes cataracts

A

changes caused by degeneration related to aging or metabolic abnormalities
congenital cataracts-maternal infection

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28
Q

S&S of cataracts

A

Blurred vision which becomes darker over time

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29
Q

Tx for cataracts

A

surgery

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30
Q

What causes macular degeneration

A

genetic factors ad env exposure

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31
Q

S&S of macular degeneration

A

central vision becomes blurred then lost
depth perception affected
no pain and peripheral vision is not lost

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32
Q

TX for macular degeneration

A

laser and drug tx

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33
Q

What are the 2 types of macular degeneration

A

Wet: blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the macula
Dry: deterioration of macula (less severe)

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34
Q

OT for vision

A

Adpative things (enhance lighting, color code, magnifiers, talking books)

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35
Q

What is in the external ear

A

Auricle
External acoustic meatus
external auditory meatus
Eardrum

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36
Q

What is the auricle

A

part of the external ear tha tprojects outward from head

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37
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus

A

passage that controls and absorbs sound in the ear hat leads to the eardrum

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38
Q

What is the external auditory meatus

A

carries sound in the ear that leads to the eardrum

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39
Q

What is the eardrum

A

a membrane of thin skin and fibrous tissues that vibrates in response to sound waves

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40
Q

What is the eustachian tube

A

bony passage extending from the middle ear to the nasopharynx which has a role in equalizing air pressure on both sides of the eardrum

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41
Q

What are the ossicles

A

3 tiny bones
malleous
incus
stapes

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42
Q

What is the malleus (hammer)

A

outermost of the 3 small bones in the middle ear which transmits sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear

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43
Q

What is the incus (anvil)

A

in the middle ear b/t the maleus and stapes bones

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44
Q

What is the stapes (stirrup)

A

innermost that transmitts vibration to the inner ear

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45
Q

What are semicircualr canals

A

any one of 3 tubes in the inner ear
semicircular in shape
set at right angles to one another that assist in maintaining balance

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46
Q

What is the vestibule

A

middle cavity of the inner ear b/t the cochlea and semicircular canals

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47
Q

What does the vestiule do

A

maintain balance and orientation by monitoring the sensations of movt and position

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48
Q

What is the utrculus

A

special sensory areas in the walls that send impulses to the brain indicating the position of the head

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49
Q

What is the sacculus

A

may aid in determining body orientation but may also have a function in hearing

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50
Q

What is the cochlea

A

spiral structure in ear w/ over 10,000 tin hair cells which move in response to sound waves

51
Q

What is the cochlea divided into

A

3 fluid filled canals (vestibular, cochlear, tympanic canal)

52
Q

What is the basilar membrane

A

partition b/t the cochlear canal and tympanic canal

53
Q

What is the organ of corti

A

embedded in the basilar membrane
hairlike projections that receive sound vibrations from the middle ear and send them on to the brain via the auditory n. which are recognized and interpreted as specific sounds

54
Q

What is loudness and intensity of a noise called

A

decibel

55
Q

What number decibel is the softest audible to humans

A

0

56
Q

What decibel is audible breathing

A

10

57
Q

What decibel is soft whisper

A

20

58
Q

What decibel is normal convo

A

60

59
Q

What decibel is music in the car or a vacuum

A

70

60
Q

What decibel is a concert

A

100-110

61
Q

What decibel is painful

A

above 140

62
Q

What decibel will rupture ear drums

A

150

63
Q

What is tone

A

sound with a particular quality

64
Q

What is pitch

A

sounds vibration frequency

65
Q

What happens with a greater frequency

A

higher pitch

66
Q

What does the max range of human hearing include in frequencies

A

15-18,000

67
Q

The human ear cant hear what

A

very low frequencies

68
Q

what is conduction deafness

A

sound is blocked in the external and middle ear

69
Q

Tx for conduction deafness

A

hearing aids

70
Q

What is sensorineural deafness

A

damage to the organ of Corti or auditory n.

71
Q

What is tx for sensorineural deafness

A

cochlear implant

72
Q

What is otis media

A

inflammation of infection of the middle ear

73
Q

What causes otis media

A

allergies
infection
(more common in kids in winter months)

74
Q

S&S for otis media

A 
asymptomatic 
usually ear pain
tympanic membrane is red and bulging 
fever
nausea
75
Q

TX for otis media

A

antibiotics
decongestants
tubes

76
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular system

A

maintain equilibrium/balance
maintain head in upright position and coordination of head/eye movt
where we are in space (w/ visual and prop)
control of mm tone, balance, spatial orientation

77
Q

What does the vestibular system receive info from

A 
vestibular nuclei (pons/medulla)
cerebellum
extraocular cranial n
vestibulocohlear n
vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals, saccule, utricle)
78
Q

Where is the vestibular appartus located

A

temporal bony structure

79
Q

What does the saccule and utricle do

A

sense static position and linear acceleration

80
Q

What does the semiciruclar canal do

A

sense spatial orientation, rotation of head

81
Q

Where are sensory receptors located

A

in the vestibular apparatus

82
Q

Where is the utricular macula when upright

A

parallel to the ground

83
Q

Where is the saccular macula when upright

A

oriented vertically

84
Q

What do the semicircular canals contain

A

crista

no otoliths

85
Q

What do the utriclar macula and saccular macula contain

A

hair (cilia) with gelatinous substance containing otoliths

86
Q

What happens in the semicircular canals

A

cilia of crista are stimulated by movt

87
Q

What do the anterior and posterior canals detect

A

rotary movt w/in sagittal plane

88
Q

What does the horizontal canal detect

A

rotary movt around the bodys central axis

89
Q

What is vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

dolls eye maneuver

when the head is moved to the left the eyes move to the right

90
Q

What does it mean if someone is missing he vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

lesion to brain stem or TBI

91
Q

What is nystagmus

A

uncontrolled eye movts

92
Q

When can nystagmus occur w/out vestibular input

A

viral infections of vestibular system
issues w/ labyrinth, vestibular n or vestibulr nuclei
Lesion in CNS
cerebellar dysfunction (after alcohol)

93
Q

What is post rotary nystagmus

A

uncontrolled movt of the eye continues as the semmicircular canals have displaced fluid and it takes awhile to return to normal

94
Q

when does post rotary nystagmus occur

A

after passive spinning

95
Q

what is motion sickness

A

sensitivity to repeated vertical movt

96
Q

what is motion sickness characterized by

A

vertigo
nausea
vomitting

97
Q

how to prevent motion sickness

A

antihistamine prior t movt

98
Q

what is vertigo

A

false sensation that either the person or world is spinning

99
Q

what occurs w/ vertigo

A

dizziness

100
Q

what is dizziness

A

sensation of unsteadiness w/ a feeling of movt w/in the head

101
Q

what may vertigo cause

A

falls due to false sense of movt

102
Q

how can vertigo occur

A

acute- labyrinthitis

chronic-damage to c8-vestibulocochlear n

103
Q

what is menieres disease

A

chronic disorder of hearing and prop in the auditory n

104
Q

what is menieres disease caused by

A

over accumulation of endolymph w/in the inner ear

105
Q

s&s of meniere’s disese

A

severe vertigo
tinnitus (ear ringing)
unilateral hearing loss

106
Q

prognosis of menieres

A

meds can reduce severity and preserve hearing but acute vertigo may persist

107
Q

tx for menieres

A

med
bedrest
surgery
low salt diet

108
Q

what is acoustic neuroma

A

noncancerous and slow growing tumor that develops on the vestibularcochlear n leading from the inner ear to brain

109
Q

What can acoustic neuroma cause

A

hearing loss
ringing in your ear
facial numbness
unsteadiness

110
Q

what is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

A

peripheral vestibular disorder affecting the posterior semicircular canal

111
Q

What causes BPPV

A

dev of otoliths deposits in posterior semicircular canal

112
Q

What is a common cause of vertigo

A

BPPV

113
Q

clinical signs of bppv

A

certain head movts produce vertigo
dizziness
nystagmus

114
Q

how to dx bppv

A

hallpike dx maneuver (place head in certain posititon, if spinning, positive)

115
Q

tx for bppv

A

positions to move deposits out of canal
vibration to break up deposits
vestibular therapy

116
Q

who does bppv occur in more

A 
60 and older
tbi 
diabetes
cva
parkinsons
viral infection
prior problems with vestibular apparatus
117
Q

characteristics of central dizziness

A 
sudden onset
accompanied by headache
mod nausea 
continuous symptoms
symptoms don't go away
no hearing issues
falls to the same side as lesion
sometimes has diplopia 
gen weakness/ataxia
118
Q

causes of centrl dizziness

A 
brainstem/cerebellum lesion
acoustic neuroma 
drugs
veterbral dissection
CVA
TBI
Trauma
119
Q

characteristics of peripheral dizziness

A 
sudden or slow onset
no headache
sever nausea/vomitting
room or objects seem to move back and forth 
symptoms can fluctuate or relieve when still
blurry vision w/ position changes
motion sensitive
not associated w/ weakness
120
Q

causes of peripheral dizziness

A 
BPPV
C8 lesion
again
vestibular neuronitits
drug induced
121
Q

Other causes of dizziness

A 
Vascular insufficiencies (stenosis, occlusions) 
cardiac insufficiencies (palpitations/arrhythmia/syncope)
autonomic neuropathy (diabetes)
meds
122
Q

Tx for central dizziness

A 
adl training 
AE
Patching one eye for diplopia 
home eval
meds
vestibular rehab
123
Q

What is the aqueous humor

A

transparent fluid that circulates in the eye chamber b/t the back of the cornea and the front of the iris and pupil

562 (14 decks)

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