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Sensory disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ciliary muscle

A

tissues and muscles tha surround the lens of the eye

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2
Q

What are canals of Schlemm

A

tube shaped passage carrying air, liquids, or semisolid materials

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3
Q

What is the cornea

A

transparent convex membrane hat covers the pupil and iris

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4
Q

What is the pupil

A

dark circular opening at the center of the iris in he eye where light enters the eye

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5
Q

What is the lens

A

focuses light to produce an image on he light sensitie cells of the retina

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6
Q

What is the iris

A

colored part of the eye that consists of muscular diaphragm surrounding the pupil and regulating the light entering the eye by expanding and contracting the pupil

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7
Q

What is conjunctiva

A

delicate mucous membrane that covers the internal part of the eyelid and is attached to the cornea

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8
Q

What is the vitreous humor

A

fluid component of the gel that fills the main cavity of the eye b/t the lens and retina

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9
Q

What is the sclera

A

dense outer coating of the eyeball that forms the white of the eye

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10
Q

What is the retina

A

light sensitive membrane in the back of the eye containing rods and cones that receive an image from the lens and send it to the brain through the optic n

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11
Q

What is the choroid

A

brownish membrane b/t the retina and sclera that contain blood vessels nd large pigmented cells

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12
Q

What is the macula

A

small yellowish spot in the middle of the retia that provides the greatest visual acuity and color perception

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13
Q

What is the fovea

A

shallow pit in the center or the retina that is free of blood vessels and has the highest concentration of cells sensitive to color and bright light

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14
Q

what is considered legal blindness

A

20/200

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15
Q

What is ambulatory blindness

A

20/800

loss of visual acuity to the extent that vision can no longer guide ambulation

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16
Q

What are retinopathies

A

visual deficits resulting from primary or secondary retinal disease

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17
Q

What are the most common retinopathies

A 
diabetic retinopathy
prematurity 
hypertension
atherosclerosis
AIDS
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18
Q

Cause of retinopathies

A

Retinal detachment
Systemic (ischemia, hypoxia, infection, glaucoma)
Neo-vascularization (eye produces additional blood vessels leading to blood leaking in the eye)

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19
Q

What do retinopathies casue

A

Visual loss

visual acuity affecte

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20
Q

Prevention/tx of retinopathies

A

Tx underlying disease
edu
surgical repair or retina
laser surgery to destroy weakened blood vessels

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21
Q

What is glaucoma caused by

A

increase introcular pressure due to an excessive accumulation of aqueous humor

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22
Q

What does glaucoma cause damage to

A

optic n

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23
Q

What are the 2 causes of glaucoma

A

Vascular: increase pressure causes decreased blood flow
Mechanical:structures near optic n opening are affected caused increased pressure on the n axons

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24
Q

S&S of glaucoma

A

Gradual and subtle , harmful or destructive onset
loss of peripheral vision
profress to center of vision field
halo vision
mild eye pain which becomes intense
cornea bulges and is unresponsive to light
can lead to total blindness

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25
Prevention for glaucoma | TX
Eye exams, edu Meds,surgery
26
What are cataracts
progressive clouding of the lens
27
What causes cataracts
changes caused by degeneration related to aging or metabolic abnormalities congenital cataracts-maternal infection
28
S&S of cataracts
Blurred vision which becomes darker over time
29
Tx for cataracts
surgery
30
What causes macular degeneration
genetic factors ad env exposure
31
S&S of macular degeneration
central vision becomes blurred then lost depth perception affected no pain and peripheral vision is not lost
32
TX for macular degeneration
laser and drug tx
33
What are the 2 types of macular degeneration
Wet: blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the macula Dry: deterioration of macula (less severe)
34
OT for vision
Adpative things (enhance lighting, color code, magnifiers, talking books)
35
What is in the external ear
Auricle External acoustic meatus external auditory meatus Eardrum
36
What is the auricle
part of the external ear tha tprojects outward from head
37
What is the external acoustic meatus
passage that controls and absorbs sound in the ear hat leads to the eardrum
38
What is the external auditory meatus
carries sound in the ear that leads to the eardrum
39
What is the eardrum
a membrane of thin skin and fibrous tissues that vibrates in response to sound waves
40
What is the eustachian tube
bony passage extending from the middle ear to the nasopharynx which has a role in equalizing air pressure on both sides of the eardrum
41
What are the ossicles
3 tiny bones malleous incus stapes
42
What is the malleus (hammer)
outermost of the 3 small bones in the middle ear which transmits sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear
43
What is the incus (anvil)
in the middle ear b/t the maleus and stapes bones
44
What is the stapes (stirrup)
innermost that transmitts vibration to the inner ear
45
What are semicircualr canals
any one of 3 tubes in the inner ear semicircular in shape set at right angles to one another that assist in maintaining balance
46
What is the vestibule
middle cavity of the inner ear b/t the cochlea and semicircular canals
47
What does the vestiule do
maintain balance and orientation by monitoring the sensations of movt and position
48
What is the utrculus
special sensory areas in the walls that send impulses to the brain indicating the position of the head
49
What is the sacculus
may aid in determining body orientation but may also have a function in hearing
50
What is the cochlea
spiral structure in ear w/ over 10,000 tin hair cells which move in response to sound waves
51
What is the cochlea divided into
3 fluid filled canals (vestibular, cochlear, tympanic canal)
52
What is the basilar membrane
partition b/t the cochlear canal and tympanic canal
53
What is the organ of corti
embedded in the basilar membrane hairlike projections that receive sound vibrations from the middle ear and send them on to the brain via the auditory n. which are recognized and interpreted as specific sounds
54
What is loudness and intensity of a noise called
decibel
55
What number decibel is the softest audible to humans
0
56
What decibel is audible breathing
10
57
What decibel is soft whisper
20
58
What decibel is normal convo
60
59
What decibel is music in the car or a vacuum
70
60
What decibel is a concert
100-110
61
What decibel is painful
above 140
62
What decibel will rupture ear drums
150
63
What is tone
sound with a particular quality
64
What is pitch
sounds vibration frequency
65
What happens with a greater frequency
higher pitch
66
What does the max range of human hearing include in frequencies
15-18,000
67
The human ear cant hear what
very low frequencies
68
what is conduction deafness
sound is blocked in the external and middle ear
69
Tx for conduction deafness
hearing aids
70
What is sensorineural deafness
damage to the organ of Corti or auditory n.
71
What is tx for sensorineural deafness
cochlear implant
72
What is otis media
inflammation of infection of the middle ear
73
What causes otis media
allergies infection (more common in kids in winter months)
74
S&S for otis media
``` asymptomatic usually ear pain tympanic membrane is red and bulging fever nausea ```
75
TX for otis media
antibiotics decongestants tubes
76
What are the functions of the vestibular system
maintain equilibrium/balance maintain head in upright position and coordination of head/eye movt where we are in space (w/ visual and prop) control of mm tone, balance, spatial orientation
77
What does the vestibular system receive info from
``` vestibular nuclei (pons/medulla) cerebellum extraocular cranial n vestibulocohlear n vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals, saccule, utricle) ```
78
Where is the vestibular appartus located
temporal bony structure
79
What does the saccule and utricle do
sense static position and linear acceleration
80
What does the semiciruclar canal do
sense spatial orientation, rotation of head
81
Where are sensory receptors located
in the vestibular apparatus
82
Where is the utricular macula when upright
parallel to the ground
83
Where is the saccular macula when upright
oriented vertically
84
What do the semicircular canals contain
crista | no otoliths
85
What do the utriclar macula and saccular macula contain
hair (cilia) with gelatinous substance containing otoliths
86
What happens in the semicircular canals
cilia of crista are stimulated by movt
87
What do the anterior and posterior canals detect
rotary movt w/in sagittal plane
88
What does the horizontal canal detect
rotary movt around the bodys central axis
89
What is vestibulo-ocular reflex
dolls eye maneuver | when the head is moved to the left the eyes move to the right
90
What does it mean if someone is missing he vestibulo-ocular reflex
lesion to brain stem or TBI
91
What is nystagmus
uncontrolled eye movts
92
When can nystagmus occur w/out vestibular input
viral infections of vestibular system issues w/ labyrinth, vestibular n or vestibulr nuclei Lesion in CNS cerebellar dysfunction (after alcohol)
93
What is post rotary nystagmus
uncontrolled movt of the eye continues as the semmicircular canals have displaced fluid and it takes awhile to return to normal
94
when does post rotary nystagmus occur
after passive spinning
95
what is motion sickness
sensitivity to repeated vertical movt
96
what is motion sickness characterized by
vertigo nausea vomitting
97
how to prevent motion sickness
antihistamine prior t movt
98
what is vertigo
false sensation that either the person or world is spinning
99
what occurs w/ vertigo
dizziness
100
what is dizziness
sensation of unsteadiness w/ a feeling of movt w/in the head
101
what may vertigo cause
falls due to false sense of movt
102
how can vertigo occur
acute- labyrinthitis | chronic-damage to c8-vestibulocochlear n
103
what is menieres disease
chronic disorder of hearing and prop in the auditory n
104
what is menieres disease caused by
over accumulation of endolymph w/in the inner ear
105
s&s of meniere's disese
severe vertigo tinnitus (ear ringing) unilateral hearing loss
106
prognosis of menieres
meds can reduce severity and preserve hearing but acute vertigo may persist
107
tx for menieres
med bedrest surgery low salt diet
108
what is acoustic neuroma
noncancerous and slow growing tumor that develops on the vestibularcochlear n leading from the inner ear to brain
109
What can acoustic neuroma cause
hearing loss ringing in your ear facial numbness unsteadiness
110
what is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
peripheral vestibular disorder affecting the posterior semicircular canal
111
What causes BPPV
dev of otoliths deposits in posterior semicircular canal
112
What is a common cause of vertigo
BPPV
113
clinical signs of bppv
certain head movts produce vertigo dizziness nystagmus
114
how to dx bppv
hallpike dx maneuver (place head in certain posititon, if spinning, positive)
115
tx for bppv
positions to move deposits out of canal vibration to break up deposits vestibular therapy
116
who does bppv occur in more
``` 60 and older tbi diabetes cva parkinsons viral infection prior problems with vestibular apparatus ```
117
characteristics of central dizziness
``` sudden onset accompanied by headache mod nausea continuous symptoms symptoms don't go away no hearing issues falls to the same side as lesion sometimes has diplopia gen weakness/ataxia ```
118
causes of centrl dizziness
``` brainstem/cerebellum lesion acoustic neuroma drugs veterbral dissection CVA TBI Trauma ```
119
characteristics of peripheral dizziness
``` sudden or slow onset no headache sever nausea/vomitting room or objects seem to move back and forth symptoms can fluctuate or relieve when still blurry vision w/ position changes motion sensitive not associated w/ weakness ```
120
causes of peripheral dizziness
``` BPPV C8 lesion again vestibular neuronitits drug induced ```
121
Other causes of dizziness
``` Vascular insufficiencies (stenosis, occlusions) cardiac insufficiencies (palpitations/arrhythmia/syncope) autonomic neuropathy (diabetes) meds ```
122
Tx for central dizziness
``` adl training AE Patching one eye for diplopia home eval meds vestibular rehab ```
123
What is the aqueous humor
transparent fluid that circulates in the eye chamber b/t the back of the cornea and the front of the iris and pupil

562 (14 decks)

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