Weimar Germany Flashcards
1
Q
What were the Weimar Republic’s first priorities?
A
- End WW1
- Sort out the Economy
- Secure a Peace Treaty
- End Political Violence
2
Q
When did the Kaiser Abdicate?
A
1918
3
Q
How many Germans were believed to have died from starvation during WW1?
A
3 million
4
Q
During WW1, how many calories was the average German adult consuming?
A
1000 ~Calories
5
Q
During 1918, how many soldiers died from the flu?
A
500,000
6
Q
When did food start to run out and why?
A
1915, any German ships taking food to Germany were destroyed by the British
7
Q
What happened to the German Industry during WW1?
A
Workers took control of the German industry and refused to work until the war ended
8
Q
In 1916, how many workers gathered to protest against the government to end WW1?
A
10,000
9
Q
In 1915, How many women demonstrated outside the German government to end WW1?
A
500
10
Q
What happened to the military during the WW1?
A
Many soldiers deserted the army and joined the demonstrations against the war with weapons
11
Q
What was life like on the home base during WW1?
A
- In many cities, all public buildings such as cinemas and theatres were closed down
- There were several power cuts as coal, gas and electricity ran out in Germany
- Germany was only able to produce 50% of the milk and 60% of the butter that had been produced before WW1
12
Q
What was the biggest party in the Reichstag in the beginning?
A
Social Democratic Party
13
Q
Who was made the head of the SDP, and how did it lead to resentment?
A
Friedrich Ebert (The Kaiser’s old Chancellor) and now the new Chancellor. The Kaiser’s friends are still in power, despite the fact that the Kaiser had abdicated
14
Q
Why were the communists angered by Ebert?
A
- Ebert made an agreement with General Groener of the Army to work with them to keep the Communists out of power
- Ebert told factory owners that the new government would allow them to keep their businesses
15
Q
Why was Ebert accused of favouritism?
A
Ebert named 6 of his friends as the Council of Peoples’ Representatives. They would help run the country until the next elections
16
Q
Why did many feel like there wasn’t much of a change from before?
A
All the government employees who had run things for the Kaiser kept their jobs which was meant to keep things going. However, many felt that it felt very similar to when the Kaiser was in charge and thought that it would probably end the same way
17
Q
Why were business owners upset by Ebert?
A
Ebert told Trade Unions that he would try to set up an 8-hour working day
18
Q
What did the Kaiser do despite getting advice about the war?
A
General Ludendorff told the German Government that Germany had no hope of winning the war in 1918, despite this, the Kaiser ignored this advice and decided to fight on
19
Q
Why did the Kaiser abdicate?
A
- The Sailors and soldiers refused to listen to him and went on strike instead of attacking British ships
- When workers started setting up their own councils and Germany descended into Chaos, the Generals didn’t help the Kaiser, given that he didn’t listen to them
20
Q
How often is the President elected?
A
Every 7 years
21
Q
What was article 48?
A
In the case of an emergency, the president could use Article 48, to run the Country by himself
22
Q
What is the chancellor like?
A
- Selected from a member of the Reichstag
- Like a prime minister
- Runs the country day to day
23
Q
What was the voting age?
A
20, men and women
24
Q
What was the most left-wing party (KPD)?
A
The German Communist Party
- Wanted a dictatorship to force everyone to become equal alongside a communist Government
25
What was the Centre Party (ZP)?
The Catholic Centre Party
- Broad range of views but largely wanted to conserve the Republic as it was
- Had support from all over Germany
26
What was the German People's Party (DVP)?
- Represented small and middle-sized businesses
- It was quite right-wing
- They wanted to support the rich and middle-class
- Wanted the return of the Kaiser
27
What was the German Nationalist Party (DNVP)?
- Largely rich or middle-class landowners
- Wanted the return of the Republic and wanted to look after the Rich
- Hated the communists
28
Who were the SDP?
Social Democrat Party
- Had support from the middle class and working classes
- Has support from farmers and workers and wants to keep the country stable
- believed people were equal and wanted a democracy
29
German Democratic Party (DDP)?
- Largely middle class: Lawyers, doctors
- slightly left wing but hated the communists
- Wanted the right to individual speech and free political meetings and to maintain a democratic government
30
Who were the NSDAP?
National Socialist German Workers Party
- Right winged
- Hated the new republic and the democracy
- Wanted to promote businesses and German culture to make Germany great again with a dictator
31
When did the Fench and Belgians invade Germany and why?
1923, in order to sell Germany's resources to get the money that Germany owed them
32
When did Germany fall behind on its payments to the Allies?
1920
33
What was the first thing that the new government did?
It was surrendering to the Allies, who were able to impose any conditions they wanted in the treaty, which gave a weak first impression of the new Weimar Republic.
34
Due to the treaty, what happened to Germany's Land?
- Germany lost 13% of its land
- All of Germany’s colonies in Africa were taken away
- The Saarland and the Rhineland were taken away from Germany.
- Germany lost 15% of its agricultural land and 10% of its industrial land
- Important coal fields were taken away.
- Poland was given land on the coast, cutting Germany in two
35
How much did Germany have to pay in operations due to the treaty?
£6,600 million or 132 billion German Marks
36
Due to the treaty, what article made Germany have to take the blame for the war?
Article 231
37
Due to the treaty, what happened to Germany's army?
- Reduced from 2 million to 100,000 men
- Germany was not allowed an air force
- Germany was only allowed 6 battleships in its navy, and 15,000 sailors
38
What were the Germans' ops on the treaty?
Most felt betrayed by the Weimar Republic for agreeing to this, even though they wanted the war to end
- Felt like it severely restricted Germany
- Caused resentment and a bad first impression of the new government
Others believed that Germany was winning and that the treaty was unnecessary
39
What does Constitution mean?
A set of rules defining the way that a state is governed
40
What does Electorate mean?
People who are eligible to vote in elections
41
When did the German government sign the Armistice?
November 1918
42
What did the Germans think about the Armistice?
- The German Government were called the November criminals
- The defeat was a big shock to the German People and Soldiers
- This led to many coming up with a theory that the German Army had been "Stabbed in the back" by the new Government
43
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
28th June 1919
44
Why did the German Government have to sign the treaty quickly?
They were given an ultimatum, they would have to sign within 5 days or risk invasion
45
Why did many turn to extremist parties after the Treaty of Versailles?
They felt betrayed by the government and felt like only the extremists could take extreme measures against the government for change and revenge.
46
What did they call the treaty and why?
"Diktat"
Meaning a treaty was forced upon the German people and then blamed Ebert for accepting its terms who felt like he did it purposely and unnecessarily
47
Between 1919 and 1922 how many Political murders took place?
376
48
How many Right and Left-wing assassins were put on trial?
- Even though the murderers of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were caught, no Right-wing assassins were put on trial
- Whereas 10 left-wing assassins were put on trial
This is because the Weimar Republic was more Right-Winged
49
What are 3 examples of Political Murders?
- Hugo Hasse: Member of the Reichstag (SPD) killed in 1919
- Matthias Erzberger: Member of the Reichstag (signed the armistice) killed in 1921
- Walter Rathenau: Foreign Minister in the Weimar Republic killed in 1922
50
What were the Extremist Left-Wings called?
Spartacists
51
What were the Extremist right wings called?
Friekorps
52
What did the Spartacists want?
- Want Germany controlled by the people
- Abolish private ownership of land & business
- Want a democracy; this is because many workers supported them and they wanted a say in what happens in the country instead of just listening to those with power and wealth
53
What did the Freikorps want?
- Want a strong government & return of the Kaiser
- Support traditional values and law and order
- Prioritise the nation over the individual; because most of these supporters were rich, they didn't care about supporting the individual since they would always be able to support themselves, they just wanted one person to take care of everything and make Germany great again
54
Why did the Government dislike the Spartacists?
- The government needs the capitalists to pay the reparations
- Government was more right winged
55
Why did the government dislike the Friekorps?
They were a threat since many soldiers were angry about losing their jobs
56
Spartacist Rebellion?
- Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht staged a rebellion in Berlin, in 1919 because they wanted a communist takeover, they were angered about how many were starving and the government and the rich weren't doing much about it
- They took over government newspapers and telegraph offices for 2 weeks
- However, with the help of the Friekorps, the police and army defeated the rebellion and killed the two leaders of it
- This led to another group of communists trying to take control of the government in Bavaria
57
The Kapp Putsch?
- Dr Wolfgang Kapp led the Friekorps in a rebellion in 1920 due to built-up anger about them being disbanded
- They marched into Berlin and attempted to take it over, however, Ebert appealed to ordinary workers to help, leading to them going on strike and refusing to help Kapp and the Friekorps, meaning that it was over in a few days
- No one was punished though
58
Why was the demilitarisation of the Rhineland so significant?
The Rhineland was demilitarised by the Treaty of Versailles. Soldiers could not be stationed there, meaning that Germany was unable to defend its border from invasion from France, Belgium and the Netherlands (Allies)
59
Why was the Ruhr so important to Germany?
This was a heavily industrialised area of Germany and had many German heavy industries, such as coal mining, as well as iron and steel production. It produced 80% of Germany’s iron, steel, and coal.
60
How did the invasion of the Ruhr occur?
- Due to the Treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to pay reparations after WW1 and also after Germany was forced to give away lots of wealthy land and had to take care of the German People after many had lost their jobs
- Obviously, the Germans weren't able to pay the reparations
- The French were angry about this, leading to the invasion of the Ruhr in 1922
- The French tried to take control of the Ruhr, leading to 150 deaths 150,000 homeless
- In protest, the German workers went on strike (Passive Resistance)
- The German strike upset the French and it damaged Germany's economy since it meant that the Ruhr was no longer producing Coal, Iron and Steel
61
What was the Government's Response to the Workers' strikes?
The Government’s response was to support the workers’ strike by continuing to pay them
62
What is the Cycle of Inflation 1923?
- Workers don't work (Strike at first)
- So the Government pays them welfare so that they can survive by printing more $
- People have more money
- So prices go up
- The government then prints more money so that people can afford things
- Leading to people not working
63
How did things go back to normal after the HyperInflation in 1923?
In October 1923, the new German Chancellor, Gustav Stresemann, came up with a solution to the crisis. He ordered the workers to go back to work so that Germany could start making money again. He then promised to start paying Germany’s debts again. This made some Germans angry for giving in to the French (Right-Wings), but it ended the occupation, and the strikes. Finally, Stresemann ordered all the German people to hand in all their old, worthless money and then had it burned. By the end of October, Stresemann had created a new currency, called the Rentenmark (which just meant ‘temporary mark'). This new money had value, and so prices went down and people were able to afford things again. The French started to get Reparations payments again, and so within a year, they pulled their troops out of the Ruhr.
64
Strengths and Weaknesses of Stresemann’s Solutions
Strengths:
- Workers went back to work
- Prices returned to normal
- The strikes ended
- The French and Belgians went home
Weaknesses:
- Made Germany look weak for giving in to the French and the Belgians
65
Compare the price of bread from 1918- November 1923
1918: 0.6 marks
November 1923: 201,000,000,000 marks
66
Compare the price of eggs between 1914 and November 1923
1914: 0.9 marks
November 1923: 320,000,000,000 marks
67
Who benefitted from the Hyperinflation?
Those who borrowed money in loans, since they were able to pay it off easily now
68
Who didn't benefit from the Hyperinflation?
- Those with savings
- Small businesses due to the rise in prices
- The government: Normal trade was not possible with such dramatic price rises
69
Who were the SA?
Storm Troopers
- Military Force for the Nazis
- Nationalists, right winged
- Some were former Friekorps
70
Who was the leader of Bavaria?
Right-wing leader Gustav van Kahr
71
Why did Hitler choose November 1923 to attempt to take power?
This was when Chancellor Gustav Stresemann called off the strikes in the Ruhr after many left in protest due to the damage the Belgium and French did to the people living near the Ruhr and agreed to resume payments of reparations, which was very unpopular. This was unpopular among many right-winged Germans since it made Germany look weak once again and it felt like the Republic didn't care for German people. In addition to this, the Inflation at this time made many confused and angry.
72
What 2 Nationalist Politicians did Hitler try to make a deal with?
Van Kahr and Von Lossow
73
What was Hitler's initial plan to take power and how did it fail?
He initially wanted the help of the Nationalist Politicians, Van Kahr and Von Lossow to help to rebel and take control of Munich. In October, however, the two Nationalists dropped out of their agreement and called off the rebellion. However, due to the turmoil at that time, Hitler, therefore, decided that the time had come to try and take power, as he feared van Kahr would do it himself otherwise.
74
What was the capital of the German state of Bavaria?
Munich
75
On the 8th of November, who was due to address a public meeting at the Burgerbraukeller Beer Hall in Munich?
Van Kahr
76
Summarise the Munich Putsch!
On the evening of the 8th of November, Hitler marched with a detachment of 600 SA men to the Burgerbraukeller Beer Hall. Hitler marched into the Beer Hall and interrupted van Kahr’s speech while a machine gun had been set up by the SA outside the auditorium doors. Hitler then fired a single shot into the ceiling and jumped on a chair, proclaiming that the police and the local government had ‘rallied to the Swastika’. Hitler took van Kahr, General von Lossow, and Hans von Lussow into a separate room to offer them jobs in his new government. The three other men had retired and offered to take control of the army in Hitler’s new government. By 11 o’clock on the 8th, the SA had seized the War Ministry in Bavaria as well as the local army headquarters and a newspaper office and had also arrested several Jews and communists. By midnight, Hitler was convinced he had enough support to march on Munich city centre and then march on Berlin to take control of all of Germany but had not taken control of the Bavarian communications. By this point, Van Kahr and the other politicians had contacted the government and called in the police and the army. In the morning, Hitler and the SA started to march into Munich. The Munich Police confronted the march of SA stormtroopers, led by Hitler and Ludendorff. When they refused, the police opened fire. Most of the Nazis did not actually have triggers on their guns. Hitler fled the scene, while Ludendorff was arrested straight away.
77
Who was the head of the Bavarian Police?
Hans von Lussow
78
How many were killed on November 9th in the Munich Putsch?
16 Nazis were killed in the firefight, as well as 4 policemen.
79
When was Hitler arrested after the Fall of the Much Putsch?
Hitler was arrested on November 11th, hiding in a friend’s house.
80
Why did the Munich Putsch fail?
- On the 8th of November, He had not taken control of the Bavarian communications. By this point, Van Kahr and the other politicians had contacted the government and called in the police and the army
- On the 9th of November, Most of the Nazis did not actually have triggers on their guns
81
How did Hitler get himself out of the Death Penalty after the Munich Putsch?
Hitler faced the death penalty if found guilty for his role in the Putsch, as it was high treason to oppose the government. Hitler used the trial to argue that the Putsch was designed to restore Germany to greatness and said that the Weimar Republic should be overthrown. Many people had sympathy for him.
82
What was Hitler sentenced to, and how long did he serve in prison?
Hitler was finally sentenced to 5 years in prison, rather than the death penalty. Hitler only served 9 months, though he threatened to commit suicide more than once.
83
What did the Weimar Government do between 1924-9, ECONOMIC?
- Stresemann replaced the Deutschmark with the Rentenmark; this meant that wages were worth something now (social)
- The government started to invest in German Culture and businesses, which led to a higher amount of jobs and wages (social)
- Stresemann called off strikes in the Ruhr, which increased productivity
- All the plans
- Investments into companies such as BSAF made large profits (social)
- However, the government gave more support to industry and businesses than it did to farmers, who lost money during this period and made up 33% of the population
- Middle classes were upset that economic reforms only benefitted the workers
84
What did the Weimar Government do between 1924-9, POLITICAL?
- 3 smaller parties in the Reichstag didn't support democracy, and after 1926, the new president (Hindenburg) also didn't
- There were 4 parties in a grand coalition in Germany that all supported Democracy and worked together
- However, the Grand coalition was dependent on 4 parties agreeing at all times, which they didn't
85
What did the Weimar Government do between 1924-9, FOREIGN POLICY?
- Stresemann negotiated a deal with the US, called the Dawes Plan, that loaned Germany money
- Stresemann negotiated Germany's entry into the League of Nations
- The Dawes plan made the government reliable on the US
86
What did the Weimar Government do between 1924-9, SOCIAL?
- Many were worried by the rise of 'un-German' imagery in German culture and Art, Berlin was seen as the 'pleasure capital'
- After numerous investments in German Culture, Berlin was made into a popular tourist location
- Germans now had wages after the Rentenmark
87
Stresemann selection and strategy?
- Elected in 1923 by President Ebert, and appointed Chancellor and Foreign Secretary
- He resigned from Chancellor later that year, however, he stayed foreign secretary until 1929
- He focused mainly on economic and foreign policy, as well as making the political situation in Germany stable
- He hoped that in doing this, Germans would feel more content with the Republic and increase support for moderate parties
88
Rentenmark in más detail?
- In 1923, Stresemann set up a new state-owned bank called the Rentenbank
- Their value was tied to the price of Gold and they were backed by German industrial Plants and agricultural land
- In 1924, a new independent national bank called the Reichsbank was given control of this currency, and the currency was later renamed the Reichsmark
- It helped German businesses recover and improved employment, but it couldn't bring back the losses of those who were ruined by hyperinflation
89
Dawes Plan 1924?
- Even after the strikes were called off in the Ruhr, and hyperinflation was stopped, Germany still wasn't able to properly repay the reparations back to the Allies
- Stresemann asked for the reparations to be suspended until Germany's economy had fully recovered, however, the Allies denied them
- In order to resolve Germany's financial problems, they asked Dawes (an American banker) for help, to which Stresemann agreed in 1924
The plan was:
- Reparation were to be reduced to £50 million a year
- US banks loaned Germany money in addition to this
90
How much did the US loan to Germany between 1924-30?
$25 billion
91
Effects of the Dawes Plan?
POSITIVES
- Benefitted working and middle-class Germans
- Industrial output doubled between 1923-8
- Employment, trade and income from taxation increased
- Reassured many Germans and increased support in the government
NEGATIVES
- Extreme Parties were furious that Germany was giving in to the Allies by paying reparations again
- The economic recovery severely depended on American Loans
- Now in debt to America
92
Young Plan, 1929?
- The plan was put forward by a committee set up by the Allies in 1929, headed by Young, another American Banker
The Plan:
- Reduced the total reparations debt from £6.6billion to £2 billion
- Germany was given 59 years more to pay the debt
93
Effects of the Young Plan?
NEGATIVES
- Annual Payments were still £50 million a year, but now it stretched out until 1988
- This plan enraged extremist parties
- Adolf Hitler said that extending the length of payments was "passing on the penalty to the unborn"
POSITIVES
- Lower reparations meant that the government was now able to lower taxes on ordinary German people
- Lead to the 'Virtuos Cycle' of economic growth
- The French agreed to leave the Rhineland in 1930
- All this increased the Confidence of Germans in the Weimar Republic
- A referendum held in 1929 resulted in 35 million Germans in favour of the Young plan, (85% of those who voted)
94
Locarno Pact, 1925?
- Treaty between Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Belgium
- Unlike the TOV it wasn't imposed on Germany
The Pact was to:
- Permenantly demilitarise the Rhineland
- Accept its new border with France and for a true between them
- The five powers agreed to think about Germany in the League of Nations
95
Effects of the Locarno Pact?
POSITIVES
- Made war much less likely
- Stresemann was given the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926
- Germany was being treated as an equal now (boosted the prestige of the government), and increased support for more moderate parties
NEGATIVES
- Extremist Parties were upset at the fact that many borders had to be demilitarized
96
League of Nations?
- After WW! had ended, the Allies founded the LON in which the most powerful countries would discuss solving the world's problems in order to not resort to a war
- In Sept 1926, Stresemnn persuaded the other great powers to accept Germany
97
Acceptance of Germ in the LON effects?
POSITIVES
- Boost the moderate parties who supported Stresemann
- Helped increase confidence in the government
NEGATIVES
- League was seen as a symbol of the hated Treaty of Versailles and wanted nowt to do with it
98
Kellog-Briandt Pact?
- In 1928, Germany and 61 other countries signed this pact
- The pact promised not to use war as a way of achieving foreign policy aims
- It was made by 2 French and 1 US foreign ministers and was named after them
- This was a way for the US to assist peace since they weren't in the League of Nations
99
How did the standards of living change between 1924-9?
POSITIVELY
- Hourly wages rose above inflation
- Introduced Pensions and sickness benefits schemes
- Compulsory unemployment insurance
- Government subsidies were provided for community facilities
NEGATIVELY
- There was a large increase in the working-age population, leading to an increase in unemployment: farmers suffered from declining incomes
100
How did women in politics stay the same between 1924-9?
- Not all women voted: Women's voting turnout was 5 - 10% less than that of men
- Politicians stereotyped women: their propaganda generally appealed to women as wives and mothers to better their family instead of their own lives asw
- They weren't very influential, they make up 4.6% of representatives
- No women held cabinet posts or sat in the upper house
101
Did women's vote contribute to the Nazis gaining power?
No, they usually voted for more religious and conservative parties despite the nazis targeting them so heavily
102
Women in work between 1924-9?
- Despite contributing sm to WWI they were ordered to return to their old roles
- During hyperinflation and the great depression, women returning home was seen as an adequate solution to the problem of unemployment
- During the mid-1920s, some women were welcomed into the workforce
- Women were increasingly doing white-collar jobs, however, they were usually single women under 25
- The percentage of women in work rose by less than 1% between 1907-25
103
Architecture and art during 1924-9?
Walter Gropius:
- Founded Bauhaus school
- Bauhaus theory, that all architecture and design was an opportunity to introduce beauty and quality to all
- He became famous due to his iconic door handles and public buildings across Weimar, he even designed several apartment blocks that are still in use today
- Its impact on society was limited since it only focused on architecture and was suppressed by the Nazis in 1933
104
Fine art during 1924-9?
Dada
- Started during WW1
- Protested traditional conventions of art and Western culture
New Objectivity
- Aftermath of WW1
- Challenged expressionism (idealistic) forms of art, Artists turned to a more realistic way of art, reflecting the harsh realities of war
- It came to an end after Hitler rejected all new modern forms of art, he saw them as 'morally corrupt'
105
Cinema and film during 1924-9?
- Expressionist style of film
- Unrealistic sets and exaggerated acting
- Economic instability led to the Kammerspielfilm movement: made atmospheric films on small sets with low budgets
- Films often led a dark storyline, including themes of horror and crime
106
Women in Politics (Progress) 1924-9?
- In January 1919, women's voting turnout was the same as the men's, at 82%
- Many parties understood the importance of a woman's vote and much of the propaganda was directed towards them
- Women all over Germany were elected to local and regional assemblies
- Women made up 8% of the representatives in the Russian Landtag (the most powerful regional parliament)
107
When were women allowed to vote and had the right to be elected?
August 1919, after the new German Constitution
108
Leisure during 1924-9?
Same?
- Most women continued to enjoy reading, tea dances and needlework
- Gymnastics was a popular sport amongst women, by 1914 - 1930 200,000 women were members of a gymnastics club
Change?
- Following the abolishing of censorship, there was a huge increase in the number of newspapers/magazines, many were now aimed at women
- Many middle-class women began to go out and dance alone
- Others went to the cinema, women made up 75% of the audience and it was really cheap, however only 2% of small towns has a cinema, so it benefitted urban women more
- Women began to take part in a greater range of sports, In 1928 Hilde Krahwinkel won an Olimpic Gold medal in the 800m
109
What did the 1927 Unemployment Insurance Act do?
- Provided 16 million workers with unemployment insurance
- Provided an average of 60 marks/week for unemployed or sick workers
110
Between 1925-8 what happened to wages and weekly hours?
Wages rose by 25% and hours dropped from 50 - 46 a week
111
By 1928, what had eased the housing crisis?
- The construction of 64,000 new homes by building associations and 37,000 by private companies
112
By 1932, how many women had been elected to the Reichstag?
112
113
What did Article 109 state?
Women had equal rights with men, in marriage and work
114
On average, how much less were women paid than men?
33% less
115
How many people did the Reich Pension Law help?
750,000 Veterans
400,000 Widows
200,000 Parents
116
What did communists think about German Culture flourishing?
- Criticised the government, they felt that it was a waste of money, that they should have used to help workers
117
Between 1926-8 how many fewer people were unemployed?
700,000
118
Where did Hitler develop strong right-wing ideas?
Vienna
119
What were some of the Nazi Policy aims?
- Destroy TOV, Weimar Rep, Communism
- Educate gifted Students and increase old-age pensions
- Remove Jews from all positions of leadership
- Re-arm Germany
- Strong Central Government
- Help given to small German businesses
- Use the Death Penalty often as well as violence to police the streets
- Only Germans in positions of power
- Invade other countries to make space for German people
120
Who were the Sturm Abteilung (SA)?
- A group of men formed by Hitler as bodyguards for the NSDAP leadership and to attract more followers
- Made up of Freikorps and ex-soldiers (those who felt betrayed by the Weimar rep)
- The SA gave them a new uniform and an opportunity to fight for Germany again
- Used to disrupt meetings of other opponents and beat up opposition supporters
- Uniform was brown so they were also known as brownshirts
121
Those in the Nazi Party?
Hitler: Key Speaker, Charismatic however, he was unpopular with some due to his extreme policies
Josef Goebbels: Propaganda Minister, wrote speeches and policies as well as creating media images of the Nazis, had to hide his foot bc of Hitlers law on disabled
Erst Rohm: Ex-soldier from the army (popular with the army), in charge of SA, made Nazis stronger, however, used violence and was popular with Germans
122
How did the Nazi Party Change their tactics after the Munich Putsch (Organisation)?
- Wrote Mein Kampf which outlined his ideas more clearly
- Nazis relaunch in 1925 w more organisation
123
How did the Nazi Party Change their tactics after the Munich Putsch (Appealing to workers)?
- Promoted anti-Semitic policies in working-class areas
- Hitler encouraged people to run evening classes to support the working class
- Before 1928, Hitler mainly focused on working-class issues
124
How did the Nazi Party Change their tactics after the Munich Putsch (New Methods)?
- Changed their policies, depending on who their audience was
- Used more propaganda (posters and speeches)
- Encouraged Nazis to recruit new members
- Developed new public meeting techniques and public speaking methods to win support
125
How did the Nazi Party Change their tactics after the Munich Putsch (Appealing to Middle Classes)?
- Promised people to buy German goods and support German businesses
- Focused on anti-communist messages after 1928
- Promoted pro-farming policies
126
POSITIVE effects of the Munich Putsch?
- General Ludendorff publicly voiced support for Nazis
- Hitler should have been given a death sentence, but judges were so impressed they sentenced him to 5 years
- Hitler was able to call the government traitors for calling strikes off in the Ruhr
- It made Hitler realise that the Nazis weren't popular with the Germans, particularly the Middle Classes
- Hitler's trials gave him the opportunity to voice some of the Nazi Party's ideas
- Writing Mein Kampf impressed patriotic Germans
- Changed Nazi policy to appeal to more
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NEGATIVE effects of the Munich Putsch?
- Book didn't sell very well
- Made Nazis look weak
- Nazi party was shut down, SA was banned
- Several Nazis had died, whilst others left
128
After the Wall Street crash, what % of the pop received benefits?
30%
129
after the Wall Street crash, what % of young workers were unemployed?
40%
130
When was the Reichstag Fire?
Feb 27th 1933
131
When was the Enabling Act?
24th March 1933
132
Where were opposition parties banned?
14th July 1933
133
When was the Knight Of Long Knives?
30th June 1933
134
When does Hindenburg Die?
August 2nd 1933
135
When does the Gestapo become a part of the Police?
Reinhardt Heydrich Act: !939
136
Between 1933-43, how many death penalty offences were there?
3 to 46
137
When was the SS formed?
1925
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