Elizabeth Flashcards
1
Q
Why was trade expanding in the New World?
A
English merchants needed new trading opportunities after the war with Spain in the Netherlands had severely damaged the wool/cloth industry
2
Q
How were some able to afford exploring the New World?
A
Private investors such as Elizabeth and her Courtiers funded many of the voyages knowing that the rewards could be exponentially high, yet it was risky
3
Q
Why could the sailors spend more time exploring?
A
Ships/Galleons had bigger sails, were faster and more manoeuvrable; this meant that they were able to carry more supplies and firepower
4
Q
What reduced the risk of danger whilst aboard?
A
New Technology; navigation was becoming more precise with new nautical devices such as quadrants and astrolabes making voyages safer, faster and more direct
5
Q
How were people convinced to travel abroad?
A
They could see Francis Drake’s published accounts of his voyages; whilst often inaccurate, the accounts were made to persuade others into exploring the new world which was supposedly full of treasure and wealth
6
Q
Did Drake aim to circumnavigate the globe?
A
No, he aimed to raid Spanish colonies in the Pacific since Anglo - Spanish relations were declining at the time
7
Q
When did Drake’s circumnavigation take place?
A
December 1577 - September 1580
8
Q
When did the English colonisation of Virginia begin?
A
1585
9
Q
How many Englishmen set out for Virginia?
A
107
10
Q
When did the surviving colonists abandon the colony?
A
1586
11
Q
When did the NEW colonists return to Virginia?
A
1587
12
Q
When did English sailors arrive at Ranoake and discover that it has been abandoned?
A
1590
13
Q
Who was in charge of organising the colonies in Virginia?
A
Walter Raleigh
14
Q
Why was Virginia colonised (trade)?
A
They could barter ironware, woollen cloth and hunting knives in return for animal skins, gold and other commodities. They could also grow crops that they could resell back home; sugar cane, tobacco
15
Q
Why was Virginia colonised (independence)?
A
If they are able to produce goods in Virginia, they wouldn’t need to rely on imported goods from Spain, France and Italy
16
Q
Why was Virginia colonised? (Spanish)
A
It would create a base to attack Spanish settlements and colonies; it would also demonstrate that the Engish were a better alternative to the Spanish
17
Q
Who led the first colony to Virginia?
A
Richard Grenville
18
Q
What did the colonists take?
A
Food, Salt, Fresh Water, Tools, Equipment, Seeds, Weapons
19
Q
Why did the colonisation of Virginia fail (food)?
A
Colonists didn’t arrive at harvest time and one of the 5 ships let in seawater, ruining the food it was carrying. This meant that they were unable to provide for themselves, and may have needed to rely on the locals who were uncooperative
20
Q
Why did the colonisation of Virginia fail (leadership)?
A
Hot-headed Richard Grenville never got on with Ralph Lane, and secondly, John White abandoned his Colony in 1587
21
Q
Who was the governor of the colony?
A
Ralph Lane
22
Q
Who was the leader of the 2nd colony and what happened?
A
John White, but he abandoned the colony in 1587
23
Q
Why did the colonisation of Virginia fail (skills)?
A
Both expeditions lacked the needed skillset and experience for this to work; Merchants and Landowners could do manual labour, there was a lack of stonemasons meaning they were open to attack from locals, soldiers could defend but couldn’t farm
24
Q
Why did the colonisation of Virginia fail (Native Americans)?
A
- In 1586, angered by the diseases the English brought, Algonquin Cheif Winginia led an attack on the colonists
- Other Indian tribes were suspicious of the English and were angered by their constant demand for food, also attacked between 1585 and 1586
This could have led to settlers becoming slaves or even assimilating into local tribes
25
What society was the hierarchy mainly based upon?
Agricultural Society
26
Rural Heirachy?
- Nobility
- Gentry
- Yeomen
- Tenant Farmers
- Landless & Labouring
- Beggars & Vagrants
27
Town Hiercahy?
- Merchants
- Professionals
- Business owners
- Skilled Craftsmen
- Unskilled workers & unemployed
28
How was your place in society usually determined?
How much land you owned; whether you owned or rented it
29
How were Elizabethan Households run?
Husband and Father were head of household; everyone was to be obedient to them
30
Why was a social structure needed?
Elizabethan England was a very violent and dangerous place which didn't have a permanent police force; which law and order thrived on inequality
31
In 1558; what percentage of the population lived in the countryside?
90%
32
What did society believe the monarchy had?
They had a 'right to rule' by the 'Grace of God'; known later as the 'divine right'
33
Who were the Courtiers?
A body of people who lived in/near the Monarchy's Palace; most made up of members of the nobility (key advisers/servants/friends)
34
What did the Courtiers do?
Courtiers had more influence over the monarchy than power; their jobs was to entertain and advise the Monarch
35
Who were the Privy Council?
Made up of leading Courtiers, advisors and senior government officials
36
What did the Privy Council do?
Debate current issues and advise monarchy on government policy, monitored JPs and proceedings of Parliament, make sure Monarch's final decisions were carried out
37
Who were the JPs?
Large Landowners who kept law and order in the local area that they foresaw, unpaid, a position of status
38
What did the JPs do?
Made sure that social and economic policies were carried out, part of the local government
39
Who were the Clergy?
Religious leaders such as bishops and priests
40
Who was the head of the church (Catholics)?
Pope in Rome
41
Catholic ops on Decor?
Catholic Churches were designed to display the glory and majesty of God, interiors were elaborate as possible; with marble carvings, stained glass, statues, organs
42
In 1558, what were the Catholic Clergy rules?
- They weren't permitted to get married
- Wore vestments
43
Catholic Bible?
- Bible was in Latin; only read by Priests
44
Who was the head of the Protestant Church?
The Monarch
45
Protestant ops on Decor?
- Spending a lot of money was against Jesus's wishes
- Tried to keep to a minimum
- Can distract people from Worship
46
Protestant Clergy?
- Allowed to marry
- Robes were between Catholics and Puritans
- Priests should wear normal clothes to show everyone is equal in the eyes of God
47
Protestant Bible?
- Bible was in English; could be read by everyone
48
Head of Puritan Church?
Elected committee of churchgoers
49
Puritan ops on Decor?
- Wanted a barer, plainer Church
- luxuries were not based on Bible, therefore not approved by God
50
Puritan Clergy?
- Wore a black gown
- Allowed to marry
51
Puritan Bible?
- Bible in English; so that everyone read it
52
Catholic Mass?
- Mass was in Latin
- Believe in Transubstantiation
53
Protestant Mass?
- Mass in English
- Didnt believe in transubstantiation
54
Catholic Bible?
- Bible was in Latin; only read by Priests
55
Puritan Mass?
- Mass was in English
- Didnt belive in transubstanisation
56
Protestant thoughts on Forgiveness?
People can earn forgiveness by working hard and living a good life; they don't need to pay
57
Catholic thoughts on Forgiveness?
People can only earn forgiveness by doing what the church tells them to do or buying the church a gift
58
Protestant thoughts about prayer at home?
- It's just as valid as praying at Church
- Dont need a priest; believing in Christ is the only way of Worship
59
Catholic thoughts about praying at home?
- It can only happen in a Catholic church; it doesn't count at home
- They need a priest to guide them
60
What did Elizabeth aim to achieve with the religious settlement?
- A compromise, a 'middle way'
- A form of Protestantism that Catholics could accept since she was Protestant
- (Which ruled out Puritans)
- With some political skill, she was able to persuade the Powerful Catholic Bishops in the House of Lords and Parliament as a whole to accept it
61
What was the result of the religious settlement?
- Most Catholic accepted the changes since the wording of the prayer book in English was mostly the same
- However in some places such as London; Catholic Churches were violently burnt down
62
Act of Supremacy?
- England becomes Protestant
- Made Elizabeth "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England
- All judges, gov officials, JPs, MPs, Clergy had to take an oath accepting her title
- 8000/10000 Priests did this; ultimately successful
63
Act of Uniformity?
- New Protestant prayer book in every Church
- Church services in English
- Ornaments and decor were allowed
- Clergy wore vestments and were allowed to marry
64
Royal Injunctions?
- No one was allowed to preach w o a licence from gov
- Clergy must teach Royal Supremacy
- Anyone who refused church was sent to the Privy Council
65
How did Elizabeth win support for the settlement?
- Described herself as the 'Saviour' of Protestantism
- Made attendance at Church a test of Loyalty to the Crown and Country
- Told Clergy to say Prayers for the Queen's safety and blessings for her reign
- Added her succession day to the Church Festivals, so that she would be associated with fun
66
Why might the majority of Catholics agree to the religious settlement?
- She called herself 'Supreme Governor', instead of 'Head of the church of England' like her father, which was harsher
- Most penalties (in the Act of Uniformity) were in the form of non-attendance instead of persecuting people for their own beliefs (like Mary I)
- Elizabeth's Churches kept Bishops and Archbishops, and Clergy wore vestments, Parish Churches had stained glass and organs
67
What was 1 negative impact on Catholics from the religious settlement?
There was no Catholic Mass as a part of the services; this meant that their personal salvation - chance of going to Heaven was at risk
68
Who were the recusants and what did they do?
Recusants were Catholics who refused to attend the new Elizabethan Churches; however, they never faced majorly bad punishments from Elizabeth since she didn't want them to be treated so harshly in order to keep peace in England and not create Martyrs, however, these recusants were the ones who saw Elizabeth as an illegitimate heretic and supported MQS in overthrowing Elizabeth
69
What were the 2 things that Puritans had issues with?
Crucifix
- The cross is the symbol of the Christian religion due to Jesus's execution in 33CE, however, Puritans, thought that they represented idols
- Elizabeth wanted to keep them since she liked them and wanted the Church to have a familiar feeling to it
- However, some Puritans threatened to resign when she demanded them to be in every church; so she insisted on keeping a crucifix in the Royal Chapel since there weren't enough protestant clergymen to take their place
Vestment
- Suggested to Puritans that Prietss were set apart from original people, but in the Catholic faith they were special since they had the power to perform transubstantiation and forgive sins, but this wasn't what everyone else thought
70
How did Elizabeth anger the French in 1562?
In 1562 Elizabeth helped the Protestant French Rebels in hopes to get back Calais in return, just like how she helped Scottish Protestants rebel against Catholic rule in 1560. However, later in 1562, French Protestants made peace with the Catholics; leading to Elizabeth signing the Treaty of Troyes in 1564, which confirmed once and for all that Calias belonged to the French. This is because the French Protestants would rather side with their own country (French Catholics) rather than English Protestants.(They care more about nationality rather than religion). It would mean that Elizabeth would be the queen.As a result, all Elizabeth did was anger Catholic influences in Europe, more specifically Phillip II
71
When did Phillip II ban the imports of cloth to the Netherlands and why?
In 1563, he banned cloth imports to the Netherlands since he suspected that the English Merchants were encouraging the spread of Protestantism. Therefore, Elizabeth ceased trading with the Netherlands in retaliation. This trade embargo only lasted 1 year and affected both countries economically
72
What were the causes of the Dutch Revolt?
- Phillip decided to reorganise the government and church
- Brought the Spanish Inquisition
The Dutch didn't like this since they were used to governing themselves and didn't like overcontrolling Spain interfering. Additionally, the Spanish Inquisition was a great threat to the Dutch Protestants. These causes united the Catholics and Protestants to revolt
73
What was the Spanish Inquisition, when was it set up?
Spanish Inquisition was a political and religious body set up by Spain in 1478 to keep Spanish territories true to the Catholic faith. Anyone caught by the Inquisition who wasn't Catholic could be tortured/burned alive in a public execution
74
When did the Dutch revolt first start?
1566
75
What did Phillip do to Counter the Dutch Revolt?
In 1567 Phillip sent the Duke Of Alba with an army of 10000 men to the Netherlands
76
When had the Dutch Revolt been defeated?
1568
77
What was the Council of Troubles?
Set up in 1567, Alba established a Council of Troubles nicknamed 'The Council of Blood'; its aim was to enforce obedience, loyalty and Catholicism to the Spanish crown. It was made of Spanish Officials and Trusted Dutch Nobles. The illegal processes condemned thousands of Protestants to death; resulting in many Dutch Protestants fleeing into exile, many to England
78
What did Elizabeth do to help the Dutch Protestants without directly fighting with Spain?
- She sheltered Dutch Sea Beggers in the Thames
- English stole gold from docked Spanish Ships
- Sent Troops to help the Dutch
78
Why was Elizabeth concerned about Alba's presence in the Netherlands?
- Alba had a massive army with its mission against Protestantism, which was within easy striking distance of England
- Elizabeth didn't want to be seen as Europe's leading Protestant Monarch
79
When was MQS born?
1542
80
When was MQS's son; James born?
1566
81
When was Lord Darnley blown up?
1567, his murder horrified Scottish Lords who thought Mary was to blame
82
When did Elizabeth help the Scottish Protestants?
She secretly sent money and troops to the Scottish Lords who rebelled against the influence of Mary of Guise which lead to the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1560
83
Consequences of MQS's death?
France: fearing the might of Spain, maintained an alliance with England
Spain; was alr at war with England due to Dutch Revolt
Scotland; King James VI was King and Elizabeth's heir - didn't take action
English Catholics; Still stayed loyal to her
84
When was the Northern Earls Revolt?
1569
85
Why did the Northen Earls Rebel?
- Catholicism restored
- Lost a great deal of influence in court since Elizabeth became Queen
- Elizabeth refused to name an heir or to marry; creating uncertainty abt Englands future
- MQS was a viable option to replace her with
86
Who was mainly involved in the Northern Earls revolt?
- Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland
- Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland
- Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
- MQS
87
When was the religious settlement?
1559
88
Why did the Northern Earls feel like they lost influence in court?
- Under Mary, I, the Catholic Earls were very influential; at court and locally up north. Elizabeth favoured the new Protestant Gentry which made Thomas Percy feel very undermined in contrast to his relationship with Mary I
89
Why wasn't Elizabeth stressed about the Puritan Challenge after the religious settlement?
Even though Puritans disliked the new settlement so heavily; Elizabeth knew that only a minority of England was Puritan, therefore their plots if made would be largely unsuccessful especially without the help of important figures and countries
90
When was Elizabeth Excommunicated?
1570
91
What were the implications of the excommunication?
Encouraged Catholics to disobey Elizabeth and opened the way for plots; Elizabeth was no longer linked to the Pope, so anything could be done against her. It basically gave justification for rebellion
92
Why was MQS in favour of being queen?
- Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII's marriage had been illegal, making Elizabeth illegitimate
- Mary had strong connections to France
93
When and why did MQS abdicate to the Scottish throne?
1567, it was thought that she was involved with the murder of her own husband
94
When did MQS flee to England?
1568
95
What did Elizabeth decide to do with Mary when she fled to England?
She held her captive since she didn't want the Catholics to be encouraging Mary's claim to the throne, however, she didn't want to kill her since she was a fellow monarch and cousin, who was placed on the throne by God. She also feared powerful Catholic reactions to this
96
When Mary arrived in England what did she need help with?
Mary wanted Elizabeth to help her regain her throne in Scotland; no longer wanting to antagonise the Scottish protestants, she declined
97
What was the plan for the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
For the Duke of Norfolk to marry MQS
98
What happened in the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
- No anticipated help from Spain or the Pope
- Many Catholics didn't join the revolt (Elizabeth was relatively popular with no widespread desire to remove her)
- Elizabeth raised a force of 10,000 men and defeated them
99
Who was James Pilkington?
In 1561, he was appointed to enforce Protestantism in North England
100
Papal Bull?
The Pope issued a Papal Bull declaring that Elizabeth was a pretend Queen and a heretic in 1570; its like a public letter
101
Excommunication?
Officially excluded from services of the Church
102
Heresy?
Person holding different beliefs then what is generally accepted
103
Who revealed the Northern Earl's plot to Elizabeth?
Robert Dudley in 1569
104
Outcomes of Northern Earls Plot
- 450 rebels were publicly executed
- Northumberland was beheaded
105
Why did the Pope issue the Papal Bull?
Tried to take advantage of the 450 rebels being executed and wanted to turn Catholics against her
106
How did Elizabeth retaliate to the Papal Bull?
In 1571, she made laws that widened the definition of treason; which made calling Elizabeth a heretic/not a queen treason or printing Papal Bulls
107
Treason
A crime against the state or Monarch
108
Causes of the Northern Earls revolt
P Earls had lost their influence in court; had influence with Mary I
P Northumberland resented an up-and-coming rival northern family (Fosters), whilst Elizabeth favoured Sir John Foster and let him protect the Scottish Border
P Thought it was unfair that newcomers such as William Cecil and Robert Dudley who didn't come from ancient noble families but were close to the Queen had influence
- MQS; arrival in England reminds England that she is a legitimate Catholic that can take over, whilst Elizabeth refuses to name an heir, MQS has one
- James Pilkington
109
When was the Ridolfi Plot?
1571
110
Aim of the Ridolfi Plot?
Ridolfi was a spy who was made to send messages between Phillip II of Spain, the Pope and Mary; aiming to put MQS on the throne and be married to the Duke of Norfolk, with the help of the Spanish and the Pope
111
Why did the Ridolfi plot fail?
Cecil uncovered the plot by autumn and the Duke of Norfolk was executed in 1572, however despite parliament's demands, she didn't execute MQS
112
Why did the Ridolfi plot help Anglo - Spanish relations decline?
Phillip was a part of this plot and arranged for the duke of alba to make preperations
113
When was the Throckmorton plot?
1583
114
Aims for the Throckmorton plot?
Planned for the French Duke of Guise (MQS cousin) to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth, with Francis as the messenger
115
What happened to the Throckmorton plot?
It was yet again uncovered by Francis Walsingham
116
Results of the Throckmorton plot?
- Many Catholics fled England
- 11,000 were imprisoned
- 158 Act of Parliament made it illegal to help Catholic priests
- Throckmorton was executed
117
When was the Babington Plot?
1586
118
What aims of the Babington plot?
- Duke of Guise to invade with 60000 men and put Mary on the throne
- Murder Elizabeth
- Phillip and the Pope liked the plan
119
Who suggested the Babington plot?
Anthony Babington wrote to MQS
120
What happened to the Babington Plot?
Letters were intercepted by Francis Walsingham
121
Results of the Babington Plot?
- Accomplices and plotters were executed
- Mary was tried by the Privy Council in 1586
- 300 arrested recusants in the north
- 31 Priests executed
122
When was MQS executed?
1587
123
When did Walsinham set up his group of spies?
1573
124
Walsingham methods?
- Ciphers: secret code writing
- Spies & Double Agents
- Searches and Registers: Search any foreigners house
125
Why did Anglo - Spanish relations decline?
- Elizabeth refused to marry Phillip of Spain
- Phillip hated the religious settlement
- He was involved in many plots
- Elizabeth supported French Protestant Rebels and Dutch
- Measure against Catholics were seen as unfair after 1570
- English attacked Spanish ships in the New World (Drake)
126
English involvement in the Netherlands?
- Elizabeth felt like she needed to help the Dutch rebels so she sent limited supplies to help the protestants, but overall she had wanted to sort things out between themselves
- However, after William of Orange (dutch Leader) was assassinated, Elizabeth needed to agree to the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585 where Elizabeth agreed to send an army of 7000 to help the Dutch against the Spanish
- Earl of Leicester was sent and he was only able to slow down the advancing Spanish forces
127
When did Phillip start building his Armada?
1586 - 7
128
What was the singeing of the King of Spain's beard?
Drake's attack on Cadiz; 30 battleships were sunk, supplies were destroyed and bought England a year, on his return to England he captured even more Spanish treasure
129
Spanish Invasion Plans?
- Planned ships that would sail to the Netherlands, collect additional forces, and then invade England
- They would then plan to March into London and overthrow Elizabeth
- Catholicism would be restored
130
Political and religious reasons for the armada?
- Elizabeth had refused to marry Phillip
- He detested the religious settlement; wanted catholicism
- Pope said that he would forgive all the sins of those who were fighting in the war
- Elizabeth's support of French and Dutch
- Measures in Catholics in England after 1570
131
Who was the leader of the Spanish Armada?
Medina Sidonia
132
Who was the leader of the English army?
Lord Howard
133
When did Dutch protestants offer Elizabeth the Dutch crown?
June 1585, but she refused
134
When did Leicester accept the title of governor-general of the Netherlands?
1586, Elizabeth was angry since she knew that this would anger Phillip even more
