Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE > Industrial Period > Flashcards

Industrial Period Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

When was the Peterloo Massacre?

A

1819

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many people were killed and injured in the Peterloo Massacre?

A

18 killed and 700 injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What led to the Peterloo Massacre?

A

In 1819, 50,000 pro-democracy demonstrators came together in a peaceful rally due to voting rights in Manchester, the meeting was later broken up by hundreds of soldiers and the Army, which led to many losing faith/trust in the army

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prison in the early 1700s?

A
  • Badly Maintained due to negligence of the unpaid wardens
  • Overcrowded: many were unable to pay the fee set by the Gaoler
  • Around 1000 prisoners died every year
  • Corrupt: wardens weren’t paid so charged the prisoners for necessities
  • Many came out worse than when they arrived since all crimes were mixed together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Elizabeth Fry do?

A
  • In Newgate Prison (1817) she provided items for the women so that they were able to sew and knit in order to sell them to make profits
  • She set up a prison school for their children to give them something to do as well as provide warm clothing and straw for the sick and children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did Elizabeth Fry change things in prisons?

A

In 1818, Elizabeth was asked to speak to the people in Parliament about the prisons which lead to the 1823 Gaol Act being passed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What improvements were made by the 1823 Gaols Act?

A
  • Separation between criminals
  • Gaolers now get paid
  • Prisons get visits from a Chaplain for reformation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is the 1823 Gaols Act so significant?

A

It symbolises a turning point in which attitudes toward prisons have changed and members of Parliament may now start to focus more on reformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many Capital Crimes were reduced in 1825?

A

100, shows a change in attitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1827 Black Act?

A

Prevented the use of the death penalty for all crimes apart from Treason and Murder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who was John Howard?

A

In 1773, he was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire and inspected the county prison and was disturbed by the conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did John Howard do to Help prisons?

A
  • Due to his reputation with the imprisoned, he was able to single-handedly intervene in a riot in the Savoy Military Prison
  • In 1774, he was called into the House of Commons Select Committee to give evidence on prison conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What improvements were made in Prisons due to John Howard?

A

His evidence given to the House of Commons Select Committee was able to help introduce the 1774 Gaols Act which encouraged Health and Sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What were Sir Robert Peel’s aims?

A
  • He wanted a system aimed at preventing crimes and reforming criminals rather than focusing on punishments used as a punishment (retribution/deterrent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Robert Peel do?

A
  • Helped reduce the number of Capital Crimes by 100 in 1825
  • He helped Elizabeth to Persuade Parliament to pass the 1823 Gaols Act
  • Set Met Police up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who set up the Bow Street Runners and when?

A

Henry Feilding in 1748, which was eventually carried on by John Feilding in 1754

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who were the Bow Street Runners?

A

They were reformed Theif Takers, who were mostly corrupted and had a questionable reputation. The BSR worked under Theif Taking Laws. Their aim wasn’t only deterrence but catching criminals as well. Around 3000 criminals were caught by Bow Street Runners.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why were BSRs so effective?

A

They were the First Officially Paid Law Enforcement and Modern Detective Force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why did the BSRs turn into a Police Force?

A
  • There was unsettlement after the French Revolution and French Wars due to many Protests of Unemployment and High Food Prices. Which led to a widespread belief that crime was on the rise
  • Population was rapidly increasing in London: Between the 18th and 19th Century
    ( Which both lead to disbelief in the Adequacy of the BSR )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When did the BSRs turn into a Police Force?

A

Robert Peel set up the Metropolitan Act in 1829

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What were the Pros of the new Police Force?

A
  • Police were paid 21 shillings per week (incentive)
  • Crime Rate started Decreasing Rapidly
  • They wore distinct Uniforms which separated them from the army to show that they weren’t taking away freedom
  • There were different departments:
    Detective Department - 1842
    Criminal Investigation Department - 1878
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What were the Cons of the new Police Force?

A
  • Police were required to patrol routes Routinely which could be memorised
  • Within 4 years 2238/2800 of them were fired for being drunk
  • Within Several Years 80% of the Police Force were sacked since they used violence and the ‘baton’ too much
  • A lot of Police Time was spent with Beggars
  • Police were often used to do Demonstrations which often turned into riots which lead to the army having to be called into Hyde Park in 1866
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When was it made Compulsory for all Counties to have a Police Force?

A

1856

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Between 1788 and 1868, how many people were transported to Australia?

A

162,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pros of Transportation 1800s?

A
  • Less Overcrowding in Prisons
  • Removal from Society
  • Useful Work for Australia which was a part of the British Empire now
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cons of Transportation in the 1800s?

A
  • By the 1830s, it was costing 0.5million pounds per year to transport Criminals
  • Many saw it as an opportunity to leave England and Settle Down in Australia after their sentence since the maximum was 14 years
  • Crime Rate was increasing in England
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When was Transportation Abolished?

A

1868

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Decline in Witchcraft?

A

Many were educated now and no longer believed in Witchcraft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When was the Witchcraft Act Repealed?

A

1736

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

By the mid-1700s, how many active smugglers were there in England?

A

20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why were some smugglers feared?

A

Many locals in coastal areas collaborated with smuggling gangs who were known for violence

32
Q

Why did Highway Robbery significantly increase in the 18th century?

A

Due to the increase in travel, before, it was only used by the extremely rich who were able to afford modes of transport via the roads, in addition to this, handguns and horses became easier to obtain by becoming cheaper.

33
Q

Who were the highway robbers mostly?

A

Soldiers who struggled to find work fell into crimes

34
Q

How did Highway Robbers operate?

A

Would wait for travellers to slow down/stop at staging posts

35
Q

How did Law Enforcement try to tackle the Highway Robbery issue?

A
  • In the mid-1700s, BSRs were established to help deal with highway robbery
  • The Bow Street Horse Patrol was also set to deal with highway robbery
  • These were both set up around the roads in London where robbers felt like they would be less likely to be caught
36
Q

When did Highway Robbery become a capital crime?

A

1772, introduced for anyone who was found armed and disguised on a road

37
Q

Why did Poaching become a social crime?

A

Anyone who owned £100+ worth of land could hunt wherever they wanted, the law existed to protect the wealth of the rich landowners. Poachers were just the poor who were in need of food and many felt that the death penalty was too harsh. Poachers were often seen as a sign of rebellion against the wealthy, authority and the King’s Peace.

38
Q

Who were the Waltham Blacks?

A

A group of poachers (Waltham Blacks) took part in a poaching raid in which they took the bishop’s deer and stole a shipment of the king’s wine, they were all arrested and hung. This led to the 1723 Black Act being passed.

39
Q

1723 Black Act

A

Made hunting deer, rabbits and hare a capital crime

40
Q

When was the 1723 Black Act repealed?

A

1823

41
Q

When were convicts sent to Australia and why?

A

1782, after the American War of Independence America refused to accept anymore

42
Q

What did the reformers aim to do?

A

At the start of the 19th Century, there was increasing support for a professional state-funded full-time police force. However, some were unsure about this idea since they may become corrupt due to bribery.

43
Q

Why was the Peterloo Massacre so significant?

A

Showed the weakness of relying on the army and reinforced the reformers’ aim

44
Q

Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

Local labourers, led by George Loveless, asked their employers to increase their wages after they had been cut several times. Their wage was six shillings a week while farm labourers earned ten shillings a week on average. The farm owners refused and cut their wages further. In 1833, the labourers set up a union called the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers. Each man took a secret oath to support the union. However, the farm owners found out and were determined to break the union.

45
Q

Support of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

They were harshly sentenced to a maximum of 7 years of hard labour and to be sold as slaves in Australia. The men were seen as martyrs for union rights and a campaign was organised against their unfair punishment. A meeting was held in London and 100,000 people attended. A petition was written demanding the martyrs’ release, and it was signed by 200,000 people. After continued public pressure and protest, in 1836, the Tolpuddle Martyrs were granted a pardon from the government. Two years later, they returned to Britain.

46
Q

Why did the Bloody Code end?

A
  • Juries would not convict those of minor crimes if capital punishment was awaiting
  • People at Public Executions would often treat it as a celebration of drinking instead of getting deterred by it
  • Alternatives: Prison, Transportation
  • Many got cocky since 40% of the convicted were actually hung
  • Crime rate increased and execution rate decreased by the 19th century
  • Attitudes changed from deterrence to reformation
47
Q

When was Public Execution ended?

A

1868, Capital Punishment Amendment Act

48
Q

What were the aims of the Pentonville Prison?

A
  • 1865 Prison Act: Enforce a strict Uniform Regime
  • Deterrence and retribution
    ( No Reformation ) Which angered the reformers
49
Q

When did Elizabeth Fry write a letter to Joshua Jebb and why?

A

1841, she told him about the “Unhealthy State” of the prison and how is wasn’t made for reformation

50
Q

Who was Joshua Jebb?

A

Surveyor-General of convict prisons

51
Q

Living Conditions in Pentonville Prison?

A
  • Bland Diet
  • Small thick Windows
  • Wooden Board Beds
  • Thick Walls to stop Communication between cells
  • Iron Bars
52
Q

What system was used in Pentonville prison?

A

Separate System
- Only allowed out for a small amount of time
- Worked in their Cells
- Wore Browns sacks as face masks
- Basically kept EVERYONE separate from each other
Silent System
- Not allowed to speak or see anyone
- Isolation of all Convicts

53
Q

Why were the systems put in place for Pentonville Prison?

A
  • Individual Improvements
  • Make sure they aren’t influenced by others
  • Self Reflection
  • Deterrence
  • Retribution
54
Q

What was the regime in Pentonville Prison?

A

Hard Labour: Physically Demanding Work, up to 12 hours a day
Hard Board: Wooden Board Beds
Hard Fare: Boring Bland diet
Pointless Work: Boring repetitive work such as unravelling and cleaning old rope

55
Q

When was Prntonville Prison set up?

A

1842

56
Q

Why was Pentonville prison unsuccessful?

A

The regime led to many mental illnesses and Psychosis and a high suicide rate

57
Q

In the Industrial Period, why was there an increasing need for a police force?

A

Many left for the city to find work since those in the countryside were getting paid badly (Tolpuddle Martyrs), by the end of the 19th Century, most were employed by factories and workshops. This led to cities becoming overcrowded, leading to an increase in crime. Those in crowded parts of the city were subjected to petty theft and pickpocketing

58
Q

By 1900 how many people lived in London?

A

4.5 million

59
Q

In 1765, how many capital crimes were there?

A

160

60
Q

By 1815, how many capital crimes were there?

A

225

61
Q

What was the reality of Smuggling?

A
  • They worked in large gangs
  • Duffers and Hawkers would help sell the merchandise
  • If smuggling cargo was confiscated, most of the time, smugglers would be able to get it back by force
62
Q

How much worth of tea was smuggled each year into England?

A

£3 million

63
Q

What % of smugglers were farmers and labourers?

A

Labourers: 70%
Farmers: 10%

64
Q

Who was an example of a wealthy person who smuggled?

A

Robert Walpole, who eventually went on to become Prime Minister

65
Q

What were the realities of Poachers?

A
  • Many who Poached had done so even before the landowners had acquired the land
  • Many in the community refused to help the constable trying to arrest poachers, despite the possible reward
  • Became a trade for many, they would sell to in-keepers who would buy and sell for people in the cities
66
Q

Why did Highway Robbery decline?

A
  • Bow Street Runners
  • Stage coaches and improved transportation made it harder for the robbers to steal
  • Growth of towns and cities made it harder for Robbers to operate in areas that weren’t overlooked
67
Q

What were some misconceptions about Highway Robbery?

A
  • They were glamourous and wore fancy masks in suits
  • They were very Polite to their victims and never used violence, especially towards women
  • Victims were happy to hand over their purses and even carried 2 sometimes just in case of a robbery
  • Highwaymen were able to escape quickly on horseback
68
Q

What were the realities of highway robbery?

A
  • It was possible for some highway robbers to escape quickly on horseback if they were in the countryside, however, since many stuck to Towns, it was harder for them to escape easily
  • Highwaymen were cruel and violent, One robber’s mask slipped during a robbery and was recognised by a female victim, so he cut her tongue out so she was unable to speak to the police
  • Highwaymen were often unemployed or ex-soldiers
69
Q

Who was Dick Turpin?

A
  • Became a highwayman, worked with Tom King, and operated around the outskirts of London
  • They frequently visited the Spaniards Inn, so that they could sell what they had stolen
  • They were so successful that a reward of £100 was set up for their capture
  • Turpin was ruthless, he preyed upon lone women and killed a man who tried to arrest him
  • In 1737, the authorities cornered Turpin and King and it was said that Turpin shot King so that he wouldn’t snitch and fled the scene
  • He was later arrested in Yorkshire for shooting a cockerel
70
Q

Why were Public Executions not working?

A
  • Severe Punishments were meant to scare society when in reality, the crowds laughed and drank whilst the crime rate increased
  • In 1783 the London Magistrates admitted that ‘all aims of public justice are defeated
  • There were always huge crowds which led to the government being scared that there was a danger of the criminals escaping if they were popular enough
  • There was an increasing risk of protests if offenders were sentenced to death for minor crimes
71
Q

What was Industrialisation’s impact on work and society?

A
  • It led to urbanisation, where many move to towns and cities to work on new machines
  • Urbanisation led to slums and an increase in poverty
  • Industrialisation made some (owners of factories) very rich and others (workers) live in poverty
  • The government brought in new laws or used existing ones in order to generate money and control the poor
72
Q

What was Industrialisation’s Impact on Crime?

A

Increase in:
- Street Theft, Bulgary
- Prostitution
- Rioting, Public Disorder, Protests
- Smuggling Illegal goods
Why?
- Travel and movement in towns made it harder to track people down
- Large Towns made it easier to escape
- Extreme Poverty led to ‘survival crimes’ such as stealing food rather than the workhouse
- Poor worked alongside the rich: Poor felt discontented Rich felt threatened

73
Q

Crimes against the person in the Industrial Period?

A
  • Jack the Ripper: 1888
  • ‘Garrotting Craze’ Where robbers used to use chloroform or half-strangle their victims to make them easier to rob
74
Q

Why / When was Transportation Abolished?

A

1868
- The war with France made transportation to Australia more difficult and expensive
- Eventually Australia no longer needed slave labour due to the discovery of gold
- The Gold had attracted tourists and workers, and criminals were not a good look, especially bc after their sentence, they would be able to live in Australia
- It was fr too expensive, not a great deterrent since many started a new life there
- Some felt like it was too harsh a punishment for minor crimes
- More Prisons were built and were cheaper than prisons

75
Q

Transportation Offences?

A

14 Years: Stealing 4 Pennies
7 Years: Stealing 2 Coats

76
Q

Why were prisons built?

A

Restitution: Work In Prisons to Pay Back Society
Retribution: To punish people for wrong-doing
Deterrence: Discourage others from committing crimes
Removal: Keeping criminals away from society

77
Q
A

GCSE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions