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Modern Period Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the motor car introduced?

A

1900

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2
Q

When did cars become cheaper and more popular?

A

1930s

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3
Q

What was one of the biggest categories of crime?

A

Driving

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4
Q

Driving Crimes?

A
  • Driving without a licence
  • Drink Driving
  • Speeding
  • Joyriding
  • Theft
  • Phone whilst driving
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5
Q

When did Drivers need to take safety measures?

A

1935
- Pass a test
- Pay Road Tax
- Have Insurance

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6
Q

What were the different categories of theft?

A

Identity Theft: When Personal Data is Stolen
Computer Copyright Theft: When the internet is used to copy and share others’ film and music
Computer Fraud: Imitating people or businesses to get a hold of personal information
Extortion: Make someone pay by using threats and blackmail
Cyber Crime: Stealing Data, Records on a wide scale

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7
Q

When was rape inside of marriage considered a crime?

A

1991

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8
Q

Smuggling in the Modern Period?

A
  • Harder to detect (Air and Sea Travel)
  • Mainly Alcohol, drugs and people are smuggled now
  • Items cost less in other countries
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9
Q

When were women allowed to have an abortion?

A

1967 Abortion Act:
It was no longer a crime if the mother was at serious risk or the child was going to have extreme disabilities

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10
Q

When were handling illegal drugs made against the law?

A

1971 Misuse of Drugs Act

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11
Q

When was it made illegal to refuse jobs without a valid reason?

A

1968 Race Relations Act

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12
Q

When was a longer sentence introduced for those who commit a hate crime?

A

2003 Criminal Justice Act

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13
Q

When was homosexual sex decriminalised?

A

1967 Sexual Offences Act
(Between men over 21), lowered to 16 in 2001

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14
Q

Changes to Prisons?

A
  • Aim changed to rehabilitation
  • Teachers employed to support prisoners getting a job
  • Improving conditions (Diet/Living)
  • Day Release Programs: Released for the day to do work, to better prepare them
  • Abolition of pointless work (Crank and Treadmill)
  • Improvements to Welfare: End Solitary Confinement
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15
Q

When were the treadmill and Crank abolished?

A

1902

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16
Q

When was Solitary Confinement Required to end?

A

1922, Prisoners were allowed to mix

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17
Q

Open Prisons?

A

In open prisons, the rules are more relaxed and prisoners are allowed to leave each day for work. The aim of open prisons is to prepare prisoners to return to the community and lead a life without crime once their sentence is complete.

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18
Q

When were Open Prisons introduced?

A

1933

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19
Q

Why were Open Prisons introduced?

A

Due to changes in attitudes in society; many didn’t believe that people were born criminals anymore. It was found that Poverty was the key factor leading to crime, improved education and conditions were seen to help this

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20
Q

What were Borstals?

A

Similar to boarding schools with a structured day, made to separate young offenders from adults. It consisted of Strict rules, education and lots of sports.

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21
Q

When were Borstals abolished and why?

A

1982, most offenders reoffended, seen as ineffective

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22
Q

What were some alternative punishments?

A

Probation (1907): Met with a probation officer once a week, to not re-offend
Rehabilitation: Offered to help people who needed treatment/support
Community Service (1972) : Form of Unpaid work, that benefits the community
Electronic Tagging (1990s) : The offender’s location will be tracked to impose a curfew
Parole (1967) : Criminals have a chance of being released earlier
Fines (1914): Most common punishment

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23
Q

Who was the first official Female Recruit and when?

A

Sofia Stanely 1919

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24
Q

Who was Harry Daley?

A

Joined the police at 24, and was open about his sexuality when it was illegal and frowned upon, he was later promoted in 1939 and played a key role in the Blitz

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25
Q

Who was the first black woman to join the police force and when?

A

Sislin Fay Allen in 1968

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26
Q

When was Neighbourhood set up?

A

1982

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27
Q

What was Neighbourhood Watch?

A

The largest Voluntary crime prevention movement in Britain. Neighbours would look out for sus behaviour in the community and report it to the police, which would act as a deterrence as well

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28
Q

When were Fingerprints used in policing?

A

1901

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29
Q

When were Two-Way radios introduced?

A

1930

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30
Q

When was ‘999’ introduced?

A

1937

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31
Q

When were Police Cars/Motorbikes introduced?

A

1930s

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32
Q

When were Blood Samples used to catch criminals?

A

1901

33
Q

Prevention techniques with new Technology?

A

ANPR Cameras: To read Car Registrations
CCTV Recordings: Identity and Convict

34
Q

Why were specialists unit introduced?

A

In Response to changes in society

35
Q

When was Police Training College set up?

A

1947

36
Q

When were Speed Cameras introduced?

A

1992

37
Q

When were Breathalysers introduced?

A

1967

38
Q

When was the first Computer Introduced into the police force?

A

1963

39
Q

When was Police Photography introduced?

A

1930s

40
Q

Attitude changes in the Modern Period?

A
  • 1920s Women were first recruited to join the police force
  • Increase in hate crimes means more discrimination
  • Realised that law enforcement needs an incentive to be effective as well as training
  • Law Enforcement shouldn’t just be prevention, it should focus on solving as well
  • Prisons should be made for reformation
  • Smuggling used to be condoned, but now it isn’t (drugs and violence)
  • Drink driving wasn’t taken seriously until the 1970s when the issues were highlighted
  • Drugs were considered pop culture in the 1960s, but changed when addicts resorted to stealing
41
Q

PCSOs?

A

Police Community Support Officers: 2002
Non-Crime Related issues:
- Drunkness
- Anti - Social Behaviour
- Child protection
- Patrol Streets (Deterrence?)

42
Q

When were Children under 16 no longer allowed to be sentenced to death?

A

1908 Childrens Act

43
Q

How many people were killed by cars in 1934?

A

7,343

44
Q

When was the separate system abolished?

A

1922

45
Q

When was the death penalty questioned?

A

When Ruth Ellis was sentenced to death in 1955 after defending herself from her abusive boyfriend

46
Q

When was the Windrush?

A

June 1948

47
Q

What were some changes in society?

A

Multicultural: Greater awareness of racial discrimination and racism in general
More Prosperous: More things to steal
Technologically advanced: More things to steal and more ways to steal them

48
Q

Pattern in crime rate and why?

A

Crime rate rose steadily throughout the 20th Century and peaked in 1992, but has been declining ever since because:
- More actions have been classed as crimes
- Victims become more likely to report the crimes now due to better communication with the police (999)
- Ways of recording crime and catching criminals have improved (technological)

49
Q

Example of new crimes?

A

There are not really that many new crimes but actually that there have been things that actually have names now
- People trafficking: Selling people for labour, it was done before as a part of slavery in the 19th century
- Anti-Social Behaviour: now has a name instead of being called drunk and disorderly
- Motor Crimes
- Computer Crimes
- Fraud and Identity theft

50
Q

What were some changes in Policing?

A
  • Modern policing is now about preventing crime rather than catching criminals, this is ok since technological advancements such as cameras are examples of prevention as well as deterrence
  • Motorised transport means police can reach criminals quicker, however, this also means fewer officers on the streets
  • Some officers are now armed
  • In 1982, Neighbourhood Watch was set up in order to prevent and detect crime, which police often worked closely with
51
Q

When were Computers introduced?

A

1980

52
Q

When was Capital Punishment formally abolished for all crimes in the UK?

A

1999

53
Q

Why was Capital Punishment abolished?

A
  • Social Attitudes changed: Many felt that Capital punishment affected the families unfairly even though they didn’t do anything, many also thought it was barbaric and uncivilised, whilst others disliked the public spectacle of executions
  • The Home Secretary prevented over 1/2 of all hangings that were supposed to happen, undermining the sentence in the first place
  • The legal system was prone to mistakes, should a government mistake cost you your life???
  • There was little evidence that abolishing the death penalty would increase the murder rate
54
Q

Women and Children in prisons?

A
  • Women rise to roughly 6% of the total prison population
  • Women have always committed less crime: Between 12-20% of all transported to Australia or America were women, with crimes usually being prostitution
  • Since 1908, children have been sent to specialist detention centres, (Originally Borstals)
55
Q

Between 1900 - 1954 how many death sentences were actually carried out?

A

632/1210

56
Q

How many women’s prisons are there currently?

A

14

57
Q

Terrorism as a crime

A
  • Considered to be a form of treason
  • It is a crime against authority
  • Often hard to tackle, since terrorist groups operate in secret
  • Often aim to cause criminal damage amongst society to achieve a political goal
  • The political goals are often seen as a threat to the government
58
Q

Terrorism in Modern Society?

A
  • Usually Religious Extremist groups: such as Al Quaeda
  • Modern Technology has made it easier for terrorists to cause a lot of damage remotely
  • Modern Terrorism is based on suicide attacks who have no fear of punishment so they are more reckless. They aren’t like the IRA which would give some warning
  • Counter-terrorism measures are expensive and often unpopular such as stop and searches and airport security
59
Q

What was Conscientious Objection?

A
  • In 1916 the government needed to recruit people into the army to fight WW1
  • A loophole said that people could avoid being conscripted if they were a conscientious objector
60
Q

What happened to COs?

A
  • They were forced to attend tribunals run by a judge and the military
  • 1,500 Absolutists were sent to prison
  • Some were given war work to do
61
Q

In WW1 how many were given exemption from the war?

A

400/16000

62
Q

What were the Attitudes changes to COs by WW2?

A
  • Many were sympathetic to COs, due to their experiences at war
  • Many were more open to objectors
  • Women were conscripted in WW2 now
  • Military weren’t allowed to run tribunals
63
Q

COs in Prison in WW1?

A

10 died, 63 died after prison, 31 had nervous breakdowns due to the harsh treatment in prison

64
Q

In WW2 How many were given exemptions from the war?

A

46,796/56,000 men and women were given partial or complete exemption from the war. Partial exemption meant that they would do other war work instead of fighting in the army

65
Q

COs in prison in WW2?

A

For the small majority who weren’t given exemption were sent to prison, however, the treatment wasn’t as harsh.

66
Q

When did domestic violence become a crime?

A

1976

67
Q

Why wasn’t Domestic Violence a crime before?

A
  • Women were seen as the property of their husbands, so they were able to do whatever they wanted with their wifes
  • Women had no political power so they were ignored
  • Law Enforcement was dominated by men
  • Many believed that the government didn’t have the right to interfere in private homes
  • The rule was that men could beat their wives with a stick that was no thicker than their thumb
68
Q

When did Attitudes change towards Domestic Violence?

A
  • Women were able to vote in 1918 and greater equality from then on
  • Women could vote for men who would deal with domestic violence
  • Campaign groups for women were set up
  • Media started to concentrate on domestic violence (Eastenders)
  • Parliament started talking about the issue, leading to change in the government (NHS)
69
Q

How is Domestic Violence Punished?

A
  • From 1976, Victims were able to get a non-molestation order to prevent their partner from coming home
  • Police were given more powers to investigate
  • They were punished by restraining orders, fines and prison sentences if caught
  • Some still dislike the fact that the government is ‘interfering’ with the ‘private lives’ of citizens
70
Q

What Crimes had attitude changes?

A

Driving offences: Drink driving and speeding weren’t seen as serious until the danger of these crimes was highlighted in the 70s due to the government campaign advertising

Drug Taking: It was seen as the cool thing to do in the 60s and 70s and many felt that the government shouldn’t dictate what people do in their private lives, however, the issues were highlighted by the government and many started to realise the harm addicts did to themselves and others

Copyright Theft: Many downloaded music/movies even though they would be subject to copyright laws, and many didn’t see that as a crime since they were on the internet for everyone to openly see, however, it has become known that it is fair to pay the creator for what they have produced and not to undermine them

Smuggling: In the EMP, and industrial period, many saw smuggling as helpful etc, However, in reality, smuggling was now drugs which didn’t really benefit the community and they often operated in violent gangs

71
Q

Examples of computer crimes?

A
  • Identity Theft
  • Copyright Theft
  • Fraud
  • Phishing
  • Extortion
72
Q

What different branches of the Police Department were set up?

A
  • Police Bomb Squad: Terrorism (IRA)
  • Fraud Squad: Crime in business and the stock market
  • Specialist Drug-Trade Units: Tackle Drug Trafficking in the UK
  • Dog Handling Units: Trained to sniff out explosives, drugs and track criminals
  • Special Branch: Used to tackle threats against national security, working with the MI5
  • Armed Response Units: Units are trained in the use of firearms and are used to patrol major events or protect key locations such as 10 Downing Street
73
Q

When did Broadmoor Hospital for the mentally ill open?

A

1896

74
Q

When were Treadwheels removed from prisons and hard labour banned?

A

1902

75
Q

When was Probation Introduced?

A

1907

76
Q

When did the Separate System end and educational opportunities increase?

A

1922

77
Q

When was Derek Bently executed for murder and why?

A

1953
- In 1952, Derek Bently (19) and Christopher Craig (16) attempted to burgle a warehouse, when police cornered them
- A witness heard Bently say “Let him have it” to Craig to which Craig fired his gun and killed PC Sidney Miles and injuring DS Fairfax
- They were both convicted of murder and since Bently was over 18, he was sentenced to the death penalty
- It was controversial since he was hung even though he had learning difficulties, low intelligence and didn’t even shoot the gun

78
Q
A

GCSE (10 decks)

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