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Physci 140 > Weeks 9 and 10 > Flashcards

Weeks 9 and 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Science is a ____________

A

social process

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2
Q

● Heteronormative binaries

limit ___________

A

LGBTQ community in

STEM

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3
Q

Limits different viewpoints from

others with ______________

A

unique experiences

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4
Q

● Sexual diversity of animals
viewed by_____________ can leave interesting
observations unexplored

A

a heteronormative

lens

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5
Q

_____________ routine assumption of
heterosexuality and associated behaviors,
family structures, life history traits, etc

A

Heteronormativity:

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6
Q

___________ assumption and
naturalization of a binary division and
conventional alignment of gender identity and
sex

A

● Cisnormativity:

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7
Q

● Consequences of heteronormativity

A

Normative traits are naturalized, unquestioned, and
unexamined
b. Makes some variation invisible, or the visible
variation is deemed odd

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8
Q

Same-sex behavior occurs in _______________

of mammal and bird species

A

~15-30%

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9
Q

IN ● Reptiles: Male garter snakes can

emit ____________

A

female pheromones

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10
Q

New hypothesis: __________________
○ “Maybe embryos use early hatching to get away from
snakes, but animals in the water select against early
hatching while tadpoles are more likely to be eaten”

A

● Escape-hatching behavior

adaptive plasticity and hatching
timing

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11
Q

● Herpetologists considered hatching as a
developmental event, not behavioral
● However, ___________

A

there is indeed an environmental

stimulus that causes early hatching!

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12
Q

_____________ suffocate under water

A

Terrestrial eggs:

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13
Q

___________ dry out on land

A

Aquatic eggs:

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14
Q

Hourglass tree frogs evolved to

A

lay terrestrial

eggs (ancestors had aquatic eggs)

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15
Q

● Boundary between terrestrial and aquatic is

____________

A

more permeable than previously thought

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16
Q

experiments revealed_____________________ between terrestrial and aquatic egg laying

A

plastic behavioral

choices

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17
Q

Male glass frogs known to

A

brood and guard eggs

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18
Q

Experiments revealed that hydration

from female frogs

A

sitting on eggs
provided essential protection from
predation and drying

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19
Q

● Changed perspective: now know that

________________

A 
ALL glass frogs have and need
parental care
○ Female and male biparental care are
widespread
○ No sex bias in care duration or level of
protection
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20
Q

Takeaways

A
  1. Weird observations matter, beyond normative expectations

2. Disrupted binaries reveal variation that wasn’t thought to be possible

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21
Q

what are the organizational effects from genes

A

usually involves the SRY gene

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22
Q

Y chromosome sry gene → testis → testosterone →

__________

A

male phenotype

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23
Q

XX chromosomes → absence of hormones →

_____________

A

female phenotype

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24
Q

■ Estrogen feminizes during _________

A

puberty

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25
Q

Activational effects from _________

A

adult steroids

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26
Q

● Environmental socialization (nurturing) leads
to gender
___________

A

○ Arises from sex

27
Q

Rats: affected by perinatal hormones
○ Blocked aromatase around time of birth
○ Males had preference for ___________

A

control males

28
Q

● __________________

○ Overproduce androgens

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

29
Q

○ Males born w/o genitals, transformed into female with surgery
○ Male typical sexual attraction

A

● Cloacal/Vesical Exstrophy

30
Q

○ Higher incidence of __________ in CAH females indication that
Endocrine modifications impact _________

A

homosexuality

sexual orientation

31
Q

Other modifications:
○ Androgen insensitivity, 5a-reductase deficiency, Treatment of mothers with DES,
Various chromosomal anomalies
the show that _________________

A

Possible organizational effect from hormones → affects

sexual orientation

32
Q

what are the two sex differences linked to homosexuality

A
  • digit 2:digit 4

- long bone length

33
Q

____________

● Ratio is decreased (masculinized) in homosexual women

A

Digit 2: Digit 4 (2D:4D) ratio

34
Q

● Growth of bones is influenced by

A

prenatal T

35
Q

have a smaller 2D:4D ratio

A

● Males

36
Q

Long bone width/length ratio

_______ have larger hand width/length ratio

A

● Males

37
Q

lone bone ● Ratio is l__________ in homosexual women

A

larger (masculinized)

38
Q

Suggests that ___________ is above average for

homosexual women

A

perinatal exposure/action of T

39
Q

____________

● Sounds given off by inner ear when responding to sound

A

Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE)

40
Q

● OAE is higher in number and amplitude in

A

females than males

41
Q

● OAE is ___________ in homosexual women

A

lower (masculinized) i

42
Q

Brain activation by sexual odors

● Compounds derived from

A

androgens or estrogens similar to pheromones

43
Q

________ activate hypothalamus of straight men

A

● Estrogens

44
Q

__________ activate hypothalamus of straight women and homosexual men

A

● Androgens

45
Q

● Group of cells in anterior hypothalamus

A

INAH-3

46
Q

● Males have ___________

A

larger INAH-3 than females

47
Q

_________ INAH-3 in homosexual men

A

Smaller (feminized)

48
Q

How did they get exposed to atypical levels of hormones

A 
● Largely unknown
● Hypothesis:
○ Stress
○ Endocrine disruptors
○ Inflammation of brain
49
Q

Genes might participate to control sexual orientation
○ If a family has one homosexual member,_________________
○ Twin studies: higher concordance of ___________
● Search for genes has been largely unsuccessful

A

chance of another one is higher

homosexual orientation in identical twins

50
Q

MAGE-11 (melanoma associated antigen) located at Xq28 (X chromosome)
○ Epigenetically regulated gene that increases sensitivity to __________

A

androgen (receptor coactivator)

51
Q

■ Demethylated following androgen deprivation → _________________
○ Only present in humans and primates: sexual orientation is only a human phenomena

A

hypersensitivity to androgens

52
Q

Mage 11 ○ Might show a link b/w

A

genetic and hormonal controls in the brain resulting in sexual orientation

53
Q

○ Not the case, so epigenetics, gene expression, or something else could have

A

a causal role

54
Q

○ If sexual orientation was due to differences in hormone [ ] and action, we would lots of

A

ambiguous sexual orientations

55
Q

________ might help with controlling the sensitivity to testosterone

A

Epigenetics

56
Q

______________ Increase incidence of homosexual males to mothers that have previously had
other boys

A

Older Brother Effect

57
Q

Explanation of the older brother effect is that Mothers develop antibodies for ___________
○

A

neurologin 4, a Y-linked protein

58
Q

Neuologin 4
Accumulate in mother as a result __________
○ Antibodies affect development of brain
○ Increase incidence of homosexuality

A

foreign embryo (XY)

59
Q

Heteronormativity and cisnormativity affect the way we _________________

A

observe, record,

analyze, etc. data

60
Q

● Frogs teach us things; not everything follows a

A

binary

61
Q

○ Unlikely these phenomena escape biological control and left open to ______

A

social influence

62
Q

Observed phenomena suggest there are biological influences to _________ besides social influences
○ Organizational effects of hormones
○ Genetics and epigenetics
○ Older brother effect

A

sexual orientation

63
Q

● Sexual orientation is an _______ (when viewed through biologist lens)

A

evolutionary effect

Physci 140 (9 decks)

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