Week 1 Flashcards
_________ have been studied for centuries. Aristotle was the first to write about them by castrating birds
sex differences
Describe the three groups in the Arnold adolph experiment
Group 1: Castration: no comb or wattle, no interest in hens, no aggression
Group 2: castration and implant: normal combs and wattles normal behavior
Group 3: normal development. normal combs and wattles normal behavior
What did Arnold adolphs experiment show
Indicates that many sex linked traits are gonad linked
__________ organic chemical messengers produced and released by endocrine glands. Are released into the blood stream, act on receptors on target tissue, used to regulate, integrate, and control bodily function
hormones
________________ is a hormonal output. Coordinated muscular movement,
behavior
The first ________ was isolated in 1920-1930
The field of _________________ was formed in 1948
hormone
endocrinology
What did beaches experiment show
- lesions in mice brains
- changes in maternal behavior
- changes in mating behavior in males
hormone behavior interactions: in a hormonally dependent behavior, what happens if the hormone is blo0cked
the behavior should diappeea
after the hormone is reinstated what happens
the behavior should also resume
How we analyze hormones:
mechanistic: immediate causation
ontogenetic: development
phylogenetic: evolution
adaptive function
reproductive states are well studied examples for hormonal effects on drive
- strong because of a desire to reproduce
- motivational changes over time
____________ ducts that secrete hormones and other products directly into the blood
exocrine
_____________________ glands that secrete hormones and other products directly into the blood
endocrine
____________ are amino acid derivatives
amines
___________ gnRH and oxytocin
small peptides
_______________ ex prolactin
proteins
____________ cyclic hydrocarbon derivatives
steroid hormones
__________ are synthesized from cholesterol. Synthesis is coupled to a release. Membrane soluble thus can not be stored
steroids
give pathway from cholesterol to estrogen
cholesterol -> progestin -> androgens _> estrogens
where is cholesterol located in the cell
cholesterol files between phospholipids in the membrane
first enzyme catalyzed step in sex steroid synthesis by the ___________________________
mitochondrial side chain cleavage enzyme
_______________ catalyzes the conversion of androgens into estrogens
aromatase
_________________ converts delta 5 steroids to delta 4 steroids. Virtually all biologically active sex steroids are delta 4 steroids
3 B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ isomerase
neuro signalling:
____________ neuron to neuron/ muscle. Very short to long distance
neurotransmission
neuro signalling:
___________ is neuron to neuron. very short to medium distances
neuromodulation
neuro signalling:
__________________: neuron to vascular system. medium to long distances.
neurosecretion
neuro signalling:
____________ intracellular and extracellular info. Very short distances
autocrine
neuro signalling:
______________ cell to intracellular space to cell. very short distances
paracrine
_________ cel to vascular system to cell. long distances
endocrine
changes in hormonal signal are normal
thought life, seasonally, lunarly, daily, and momentarily
___________ bind to hormones, transduce extracellular to intracellular info. activates various cellular responses, functions across multiple temporal and spatial domains (fast or slow)
receptor
______________ are bound to the outer membrane, generally bind to hydrophobic hormones, rely on second messengers, mediate short term organ effects, rapid action
membrane bound receptors
——————– receptors that are cytoplasmic. Generally bind lipophilic hormones. generally act slowly by altering cell processes. Does not relay on second messenger system, often mediates long term major cellular/ organ effect
intracellular receptor
______________ is a receptor for norepinephrine and epinephrine
adrenaline
_________________ cortisol and corticosterone
glucocorticoids
what happens in the fight or flight
adrenaline added, Ca ++ channel extracellular Ca++ entry, Intracellular Ca ++ release,
_____ adrenaline signaling, increased CA++ release in vascular smooth muscle
alpha 1 receptors
__________ adrenaline signaling. increased camp and increase
Beta 1 receptors
Steroid transcription:
- steroid leaving a plasma binding protein
- diffusing acros the membrane
- binding a receptor
- receptors dimerize and interact with coactivators
selective estrogen receptor modulators. Estrogen can act on specific tissue i.e. breast cancer treatment. Some steroids act via __________
membrane receptors
_____________ was discovered in the adrenals
allopregninalone
progesterone -> 3 alpha hydroxyls -> 5 alpha reductase -> allopregnanlone
pathway of allopregninaloen
