Week 6 (lecture and discussion mixture)

Question 1

Fish exhibit ________ including __________

Answer 1

alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs),
sequential
hermaphroditism

Question 2

Protogynous _____________ → Blue headed wrasse

Answer 2

(female to male)

Question 3

Protandrous _____________ → Clownfish

Answer 3

(male to female)

Question 4

Serial______________ → Maori coral gobies

Answer 4

bidirectional sex change

Question 5

What control the diverse sexual phenotypes in fish

Answer 5

Hormonal control is involved

Question 6

____________ dominant theory for plasticity of reproductive

systems

Answer 6

Size advantage model (SAM):

Question 7

Timing of sex change maximizes _______________

Answer 7

expected lifetime reproductive sucess and fitness

Question 8

What are the size advantages of males and females

Answer 8

○ Older = bigger
○ Male → female: Big females can make lots of eggs
○ Female → male: Big males defend better

Question 9

What are some of the forms of ART

Answer 9

• two distinct phenotypes within a sex that utilize different behavioral tactics to acquire a mate
• singular unidirectional adult sex change and within sex morph changes
• singular, unidirectional sex change
• singular unidirectional intersexual male morph change
• serial back and forth sex change
• bisexual simultaneous hermaphrodite
• serial back and forth shift by males between reproductive and non reproductive state

Question 10

The California singing fish is considered a sexually ________ as there are ___________

Answer 10

polymorphic

type I and type II males and females

Question 11

_____________ are responsible for defending the nest and caring for eggs. Have a larger swim bladder and vocal muscles

Answer 11

type I males

Question 12

________ responsible for reproduction. They have larger gonads relative to body size

Answer 12

Type II males

Question 13

________ responsible for laying eggs. Have larger gonad relative to body size

Answer 13

Females

Question 14

______ diverge across the sexes as the size and morphology of the gonads and vocal organs is completely different

Answer 14

somatic characteristics

Question 15

______________ are the three kinds of sequential hemaprhodizm

Answer 15

• protgynous
• protoandrous
• serial bidriectional

Question 16

__________ drives the evolution of protogynous sex change. because

Answer 16

Male size

Larger males use aggressive defensive to monopolize matings with females and thus small males are at a disadvantage

Question 17

What is the dominant driving force of protandry

Answer 17

female size as there is a positive relationship between female fecundity

Question 18

protandry is less widespread and is usually associated with monogomy or random mating systems without male territorial defense or competition.

Answer 18

monogamy

Question 19

clownish show protandry as

Answer 19

a monogous pair of clownfish share a shelter with immature subordinates. Then the males will turn into a female

Question 20

serial bidirectional sex change occurs so that any 2 fish can form a _______

Answer 20

heterosexual breeding pair. this occurs in animals where its is hard to come across a mate.

Question 21

In many sequential hermaphrodites, recognizable

Answer 21

tissues of both sexes are present in the gonad prior to the sex change

Question 22

A transitional bluehead wrasse Gonad shows degenerating _______________This is because of protogynous sex change.

Answer 22

oocytes and proliferation of spermatocytes,

Question 23

protandrous fish would show ________

Answer 23

developing ovarian tissue

Question 24

Goby fish that exhibit bidirectional sex change have share

Answer 24

ovotestis

Question 25

__________ have an ovarian portion with vitellogenic and previtellogenic oocytes plus regressed testicular portion

Answer 25

Female ovotestis

Question 26

_____________ have testitcular tissue in active spermatogenic dominates the gonad, and a small ovarian portion contain early stage oocytes and accessory gonadal structures

Answer 26

male ovotestis

Question 27

_________ is key for sex transition in fish

Answer 27

aromatase

Question 28

Sex shift occurs with shift in sex hormones and genes ○ More E2 + female-related genes = ____________ ○ More 11-ketoT + male related genes = __________ ●

Answer 28

female phenotype male phenotype

Question 29

Aromatase present: T → E2 | ○ E2 upregulates genes that create FSH + E2

Answer 29

○ Activate female pathway genes

Question 30

No aromatase present: T → 11-ketoT ○ 11-ketoT acts on genes to shut down aromatase production and promote continued actions of androgens

Answer 30

○ Promotes male pathway

Question 31

___________genes to shut down aromatase production and promote continued actions of androgens

Answer 31

○ 11-ketoT acts on

Question 32

Diversity in behavioral and reproductive systems have a key hormonal dependence

Answer 32

○ 11keto-T vs E2

Question 33

Redirection of gonadal fate begins with expression of sex maintenence genes

Answer 33

○ Female-related genes upregulated → fish becomes female | ○ Male-related genes upregulated → fish becomes male

Question 34

_______ is involved in sex change

Answer 34

cortiosol

Question 35

______ genes maintain sexual fate in fishes by promoting either ______________

Answer 35

antagonist sex specific genes | estrogenic or androgenic environment

Question 36

In female CYP1919 expression generates _____________ and unregulated estrogen levels

Answer 36

amromatse

Question 37

In males CYP1919 expression surpasses _______ and _____ prevails to support testicular function

Answer 37

aromatase | androgen

Question 38

_________ involves motivation to approach and remain in close proximity with a conspecific (brings individuals together) ○ Examples: Pair-bonding, Parental care, Grooming ●

Answer 38

Affiliation:

Question 39

Neuropeptides: _____________ ■ Physiological function: contract smooth muscle

Answer 39

○ Oxytocin (OXY)

Question 40

Neuropeptide: _______________ ■ Physiological function: water reabsorption in kidneys

Answer 40

Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP)

Question 41

Milk Let-down Reflex

Answer 41

Suckling stimulates mechanoreceptors 2. Ascending neurons send information to brain 3. Magnocellular neurons in supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are stimulated 4. Neurons project to the posterior pituitary and release OXY into capillaries → enter circulation 5. OXY acts on oxytocin receptors on myoepithelial cells (smooth muscle surrounding alveoli @ mammary gland) 6. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ contracts myoepithelium 7. Milk in alveoli is pushed out through mammary ducts

Question 42

________ can inhibit the oxytocin response in mammary glands while _____ can excite it

Answer 42

stress | sounds of the baby crying

Question 43

Ferguson’s Reflex

Answer 43

1. Baby pushing on cervix stimulates mechanoreceptors 2. Ascending neurons send information to brain 3. Magnocellular neurons in supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are stimulated 4. Neurons project to the posterior pituitary and release OXY into capillaries → enter circulation 5. OXY acts on oxytocin receptors on myometrium (smooth muscle surrounding uterus) 6. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ contracts myometrium 7. Labor occurs

Question 44

________ unregulates oxytocin receptors

Answer 44

estrogens

Question 45

Pheripheral receptors that are unregulated by estrogen | Periphery:

Answer 45

1. Mammary glands (Milk let-down) | ○ 2. Myometrium (Ferguson’s reflex)

Question 46

Central receptors that are unregulated by estrogen

Answer 46

``` 1. PVN ○ 2. AMYG - amygdala ○ 3. BNST - bed nucleus of stria terminalis ○ 4. MPOA - medial preoptic area ○ 5. LS ```

Question 47

● Female rats that showed high amounts of | maternal care also showed high ______________

Answer 47

OXY | receptor levels in AMYG, BNST, and MPOA

Question 48

Estrogen and progesterone cause | upregulation of

Answer 48

OXY mRNA in | PVN, SON, BNST, and MPOA

Question 49

● OXY is increased even more | during ___________

Answer 49

birth and lactation

Question 50

In sheep there is strong evidence that links increases in synthesis and particularly release of oxytocin in the brain to the induction and maintenance of __________________

Answer 50

maternal behavior

Question 51

In moms: ___________levels in pregnancy positively correlates to the level of intrest in the infant and increase rates of nursing and grooming of offspring

Answer 51

oxytocin levels

Question 52

In dads: | Treatment with oxytocin's showed more support of

Answer 52

learning and exploration and decrease in hostility toward infants

Question 53

oxytocin is associated with __________, positive communication sequences. Stimulatory contact and play

Answer 53

parent positive engagement and coordination of positive behaviors

Question 54

Monogamy vs polygamy in voles

Answer 54

● Prairie Voles: monogamous (pair-bonding) | ● Meadow Voles: polygamous (promiscuous

Question 55

Monogamous prairie voles have more __________________

Answer 55

OXY and AVP receptors in reward areas of brain ○ Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) ○ Ventral pallidum (VP)

Question 56

The reward areas of brain are

Answer 56

○ Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) | ○ Ventral pallidum (VP)

Question 57

This is because receptors in reward areas correspond top a desire for _______________

Answer 57

○ Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) | ○ Ventral pallidum (VP)

Question 58

When you Block OXY receptors in Nacc →

Answer 58

block preference | for mate

Question 59

when you Block AVP receptors in VP →

Answer 59

block preference for mate

Question 60

when you Inject genes of AVP receptor into VP

Answer 60

make them monogamous

Question 61

OXY strengthens the bond between mates and

Answer 61

Also seen in parent to child relationship