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Physci 140 > Week 6 (lecture and discussion mixture) > Flashcards

Week 6 (lecture and discussion mixture) Flashcards

1
Q

Fish exhibit ________ including __________

A

alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs),
sequential
hermaphroditism

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2
Q

Protogynous _____________ → Blue headed wrasse

A

(female to male)

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3
Q

Protandrous _____________ → Clownfish

A

(male to female)

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4
Q

Serial______________ → Maori coral gobies

A

bidirectional sex change

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5
Q

What control the diverse sexual phenotypes in fish

A

Hormonal control is involved

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6
Q

____________ dominant theory for plasticity of reproductive

systems

A

Size advantage model (SAM):

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7
Q

Timing of sex change maximizes _______________

A

expected lifetime reproductive sucess and fitness

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8
Q

What are the size advantages of males and females

A

○ Older = bigger
○ Male → female: Big females can make lots of eggs
○ Female → male: Big males defend better

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9
Q

What are some of the forms of ART

A
  • two distinct phenotypes within a sex that utilize different behavioral tactics to acquire a mate
  • singular unidirectional adult sex change and within sex morph changes
  • singular, unidirectional sex change
  • singular unidirectional intersexual male morph change
  • serial back and forth sex change
  • bisexual simultaneous hermaphrodite
  • serial back and forth shift by males between reproductive and non reproductive state
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10
Q

The California singing fish is considered a sexually ________ as there are ___________

A

polymorphic

type I and type II males and females

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11
Q

_____________ are responsible for defending the nest and caring for eggs. Have a larger swim bladder and vocal muscles

A

type I males

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12
Q

________ responsible for reproduction. They have larger gonads relative to body size

A

Type II males

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13
Q

________ responsible for laying eggs. Have larger gonad relative to body size

A

Females

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14
Q

______ diverge across the sexes as the size and morphology of the gonads and vocal organs is completely different

A

somatic characteristics

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15
Q

______________ are the three kinds of sequential hemaprhodizm

A
  • protgynous
  • protoandrous
  • serial bidriectional
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16
Q

__________ drives the evolution of protogynous sex change. because

A

Male size

Larger males use aggressive defensive to monopolize matings with females and thus small males are at a disadvantage

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17
Q

What is the dominant driving force of protandry

A

female size as there is a positive relationship between female fecundity

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18
Q

protandry is less widespread and is usually associated with monogomy or random mating systems without male territorial defense or competition.

A

monogamy

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19
Q

clownish show protandry as

A

a monogous pair of clownfish share a shelter with immature subordinates. Then the males will turn into a female

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20
Q

serial bidirectional sex change occurs so that any 2 fish can form a _______

A

heterosexual breeding pair. this occurs in animals where its is hard to come across a mate.

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21
Q

In many sequential hermaphrodites, recognizable

A

tissues of both sexes are present in the gonad prior to the sex change

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22
Q

A transitional bluehead wrasse Gonad shows degenerating _______________This is because of protogynous sex change.

A

oocytes and proliferation of spermatocytes,

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23
Q

protandrous fish would show ________

A

developing ovarian tissue

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24
Q

Goby fish that exhibit bidirectional sex change have share

A

ovotestis

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25
Q

__________ have an ovarian portion with vitellogenic and previtellogenic oocytes plus regressed testicular portion

A

Female ovotestis

26
Q

_____________ have testitcular tissue in active spermatogenic dominates the gonad, and a small ovarian portion contain early stage oocytes and accessory gonadal structures

A

male ovotestis

27
Q

_________ is key for sex transition in fish

A

aromatase

28
Q

Sex shift occurs with shift in sex hormones
and genes
○ More E2 + female-related genes = ____________
○ More 11-ketoT + male related genes = __________
●

A

female
phenotype

male
phenotype

29
Q

Aromatase present: T → E2

○ E2 upregulates genes that create FSH + E2

A

○ Activate female pathway genes

30
Q

No aromatase present: T → 11-ketoT
○ 11-ketoT acts on genes to shut down aromatase
production and promote continued actions of
androgens

A

○ Promotes male pathway

31
Q

___________genes to shut down aromatase
production and promote continued actions of
androgens

A

○ 11-ketoT acts on

32
Q

Diversity in behavioral and reproductive systems have a key hormonal
dependence

A

○ 11keto-T vs E2

33
Q

Redirection of gonadal fate begins with expression of sex maintenence genes

A

○ Female-related genes upregulated → fish becomes female

○ Male-related genes upregulated → fish becomes male

34
Q

_______ is involved in sex change

A

cortiosol

35
Q

______ genes maintain sexual fate in fishes by promoting either ______________

A

antagonist sex specific genes

estrogenic or androgenic environment

36
Q

In female CYP1919 expression generates _____________ and unregulated estrogen levels

A

amromatse

37
Q

In males CYP1919 expression surpasses _______ and _____ prevails to support testicular function

A

aromatase

androgen

38
Q

_________ involves motivation to approach and remain in close proximity with
a conspecific (brings individuals together)
○ Examples: Pair-bonding, Parental care, Grooming
●

A

Affiliation:

39
Q

Neuropeptides:
_____________
■ Physiological function: contract smooth muscle

A

○ Oxytocin (OXY)

40
Q

Neuropeptide:
_______________
■ Physiological function: water reabsorption in kidneys

A

Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP)

41
Q

Milk Let-down Reflex

A

Suckling stimulates mechanoreceptors
2. Ascending neurons send information to brain
3. Magnocellular neurons in supraoptic nucleus (SON) and
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are stimulated
4. Neurons project to the posterior pituitary and release OXY
into capillaries → enter circulation
5. OXY acts on oxytocin receptors on myoepithelial cells
(smooth muscle surrounding alveoli @ mammary gland)
6. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ contracts myoepithelium
7. Milk in alveoli is pushed out through mammary ducts

42
Q

________ can inhibit the oxytocin response in mammary glands while _____ can excite it

A

stress

sounds of the baby crying

43
Q

Ferguson’s Reflex

A
  1. Baby pushing on cervix stimulates mechanoreceptors
  2. Ascending neurons send information to brain
  3. Magnocellular neurons in supraoptic nucleus (SON) and
    paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are stimulated
  4. Neurons project to the posterior pituitary and release OXY into
    capillaries → enter circulation
  5. OXY acts on oxytocin receptors on myometrium (smooth muscle
    surrounding uterus)
  6. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ contracts myometrium
  7. Labor occurs
44
Q

________ unregulates oxytocin receptors

A

estrogens

45
Q

Pheripheral receptors that are unregulated by estrogen

Periphery:

A
  1. Mammary glands (Milk let-down)

○ 2. Myometrium (Ferguson’s reflex)

46
Q

Central receptors that are unregulated by estrogen

A 
1. PVN
○ 2. AMYG - amygdala
○ 3. BNST - bed nucleus of stria terminalis
○ 4. MPOA - medial preoptic area
○ 5. LS
47
Q

● Female rats that showed high amounts of

maternal care also showed high ______________

A

OXY

receptor levels in AMYG, BNST, and MPOA

48
Q

Estrogen and progesterone cause

upregulation of

A

OXY mRNA in

PVN, SON, BNST, and MPOA

49
Q

● OXY is increased even more

during ___________

A

birth and lactation

50
Q

In sheep there is strong evidence that links increases in synthesis and particularly release of oxytocin in the brain to the induction and maintenance of __________________

A

maternal behavior

51
Q

In moms:
___________levels in pregnancy positively correlates to the level of intrest in the infant and increase rates of nursing and grooming of offspring

A

oxytocin levels

52
Q

In dads:

Treatment with oxytocin’s showed more support of

A

learning and exploration and decrease in hostility toward infants

53
Q

oxytocin is associated with __________, positive communication sequences. Stimulatory contact and play

A

parent positive engagement and coordination of positive behaviors

54
Q

Monogamy vs polygamy in voles

A

● Prairie Voles: monogamous (pair-bonding)

● Meadow Voles: polygamous (promiscuous

55
Q

Monogamous prairie voles have more __________________

A

OXY
and AVP receptors in reward areas of brain
○ Nucleus accumbens (NAcc)
○ Ventral pallidum (VP)

56
Q

The reward areas of brain are

A

○ Nucleus accumbens (NAcc)

○ Ventral pallidum (VP)

57
Q

This is because receptors in reward areas correspond top a desire for _______________

A

○ Nucleus accumbens (NAcc)

○ Ventral pallidum (VP)

58
Q

When you Block OXY receptors in Nacc →

A

block preference

for mate

59
Q

when you Block AVP receptors in VP →

A

block preference for mate

60
Q

when you Inject genes of AVP receptor into VP

A

make them monogamous

61
Q

OXY strengthens the bond between mates and

A

Also seen in parent to child relationship

Physci 140 (9 decks)

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