week 7 Flashcards
_______ in societies are often built around dominance
hierarchies
Aggressive behaviors
__________ exhibit aggressive behaviors
Both males and female
There are different categories of aggression
Predatory, intermale, territorial, predatory attack, etc.
______________ organization of social dominance that creates stability
Pecking order:
___________can be subordinate to one individual and dominant to another at same time
transitive system
In chickens:
each bird pecks another lower in the scale without fear of retaliation and submits to pecking by one of higher rank
The more organized the pecking order,___________
■ More weight gain, more eggs produced, less fighting, etc.
■ Create instability if introduce a new chicken, but stability is achieved quickly with pecking order
behavior
the more stable and healthier the flock
Most organisms can be organized around ________________
○ Creates a stable social environment
○ Individuals learn their position in the hierarchy
dominance hierarchies
Dominant males ________ their dominance
signal
How do dominant male signal their dominance?
- Threat displays - hamadryas baboon
○ Vibrant face markings - mandrill baboons
○ Large antlers - red deer
___________can participate in activating (1) signals of status and (2)
aggressive behaviors in males
Testosterone
what are the two types of pecking orders
- transitive
- cyclic
Aggression as a behavior can experience both
organization and activational effects
○ ______________ → probable masculinization of aggressive circuits in brain
Organizational rise of testosterone (fetal testosterone rise)
_____________ → aggressive and male
behaviors are activated
○ Activational rise of testosterone (puberty)
● Proof of organizational effects: juvenile rhesus monkeys
○ Rough and tumble + pursuit play are ultimately used in aggressive
contexts later in life
■ Males show more rough and tumble + pursuit play
■ Pseudohermaphrodites (females treated with T developmentally)
also showed more male-like play behaviors
________ play a role organizationally on development of behaviors used in aggressive interactions
○ Androgens
Increase in T reflects increases in
______________
aggression/dominance displays
Occurs during mating season to demonstrate
____________
Includes aggression to fight for these things and establish reproductive success
dominance (over territory/females)
_________ are not always associated with
aggressive behavior
● T levels
○ Red deer increase in testosterone results in
: T, antler growth, aggressive behavior all
increase during mating season
○ Birds: increase in testosterone results in
T, aggressive behaviors increase during mating
season
____________ outlines the dynamic relationship between testosterone and aggression in mating contexts. It proposes that testosterone promotes aggression when it would be beneficial for reproduction, such as mate guarding, or strategies designed to prevent the encroachment of intrasexual rivals
The challenge hypothesis
Constitutive levels of T are low
○ No/little aggression
○ No reproductive behavior
● Regulated, periodic levels of T:
make
sperm and male phenotype/behaviors
○ Sertoli cells influenced by T and FSH from brain to
make sperm
○ Behavior includes aggression and motivation to
copulate
● Regulated, facultative levels of T:
“extreme”
male behavior
○ Defend/establish territory (fighting, songbird
singing)
○ Social systems are unstable, but needed to create
What region are T levels in outside of this mating “cycle”? the stable environment
What are the three periods in the challenge hypothesis
- constitutive levels of T
- regulated periodic levels of Testosterone
- regulagted facultative levels of T
In song birds, addition of a male into an enviroment
results in testosterone and Lh changes indicating there is a change in stability
testosterone after a ________ results in further success. This pattern is not seen in women
win
levels of testosterone are important because
low testosterone inhibits reproductive success
high testosterone suppresses immune function and survival
There is a variation in the amount of testosterone men have. But the only significant difference was between
NFL football player and minister
Song birds:
Extreme levels of T seasonally during mating season
● Rapid increase in T: intruder in one’s territory
● T promotes winning and creates memory of winning
● Adaptivity of T levels
○ Highest individual fitness when
T becomes elevated only when needed
Aggression is involved in social network of brain in __________________
hypothalamus
○ Receive sensory input that affects social behavior (affiliative and aggressive)
● Stimulated _______________________
→ fighting immediately
ventromedial hypothalamic areas expressing estrogen receptors
● Stimulated _____________ → fighting and copulation
○ Overlap between fighting and mating
ventromedial hypothalamus
The challenge hypothesis explains fluctuations in ___________ as a function of reproductive fitness
testosterone
Disruptions in social stability are largely caused and solved by ________________
androgen
action
