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Physci 140 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

________ the theory that all sex information is determined by chromosomal information then the gonads are responsible for further differentiation in life

A

central dogma

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2
Q

_________ occurs in alligators and turtles. Temperature of egg determines gonadal sex

A

environmental sex determination

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3
Q

In alligators

A

high temperature is more females. Reverse in turtles

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4
Q

______________
Mammals: XX and XY
Birds: ZZ male and ZW female
Fruit flies: XX female and XY male

A

genetic sex differentiations

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5
Q

________ is mamalian determining number of X chromosomes is irrelevant

A

mammalian Y chromosome

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6
Q

The local on the Y chromosome ___________ is the testis determining factor of the Y chromosome

A

TDY

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7
Q

The gene in the TDY locus involved in testes development is the ________

A

SRY genes

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8
Q

deletion of the SRY gene. results in

A

XY gonadal females

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9
Q

Sryexpressed in undifferentiated gonadal ridge

•Sryinduces differentiation of _________, the first testicular cells!!

A

Sertoli cells

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10
Q

•Sryincreases expression of ________an ancient testis differentiation gene, causes cascade of events to commit gonad to testicular fate

A

Sox9,

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11
Q

__________ develops in absence of Sry, no matter what the sex chromosome complement (XX or XY)

A

•Ovary

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12
Q
  • Males have all of the genes to make an _________

* Females have all the genes to make a ________ except ____________

A

ovary.

testis, except Sry (and a few Y genes needed for spermatogenesis).

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13
Q

SEX in BIRDS

A 
Birds
ZZ male (testes)
ZW female (ovary)
Female has a small W
chromosome lacking in male
(like male mammal’s Y)
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14
Q

SEX in FLYS

A

•Presence of Y chromosome is irrelevant to maleness
•X:A ratio is sex determining, if 1 then female (2X or more), if <1 (1X)
then male.

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15
Q

what is the 20th century dogma

A
  • genetics determines the sex of the gonads

- sex differences are determined by hormones

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16
Q

_________ becomes oviduct, uterus, upper vagina

A

mullein duct

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17
Q

__________ becomes a efferent duct, ducts deferens, epididymus, and associated glands

A

wolfian duct

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18
Q

Genetics and the appropriate hormones cause the appropriate duct system to develop and the _______________

A

opposite to degenerate

19
Q

___________ secrete Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone, causes involution of female ducts (oviducts, uterus, upper vagina)

A

Sertoli cells

20
Q

__________ secrete testosterone which causes masculine differentiation (penis, scrotum, sperm ducts, brain, liver, physique)

A

•Leydig cell

21
Q

•Hormone effects are __________

A

permanent and irreversible

22
Q

a burst of _________ caused wolfing duct to develop

A

testosterone

23
Q

Each sex’s phenotype emerges from a previously undifferentiated state
•Undifferentiated state is _________could go either way –some sex-specific force causes the sex difference, pushes the system in one direction

A

bi-potential,

24
Q
  • Both sexes have same undifferentiated form

* Male (scrotum, penis) and female (vaginal labia, clitoris) derive from ________

A

same precursor

25
Q

___________ internal genitalia are present in both sexes

A

•Male (Wolffian) and female (Müllerian)

26
Q

Permenate: Gonadal hormone-induced

A

irreversible commitment of a tissue to a masculine phenotype.

27
Q

Gonadal hormone-induced____________of a tissue to a masculine phenotype

A

irreversible commitment

28
Q

What are the primary sex hormones

A

estradiol, testosterone, progesterone

29
Q

______________ pathway is the conversion of cholesterol into testosterone and progesterone

A

stereogenic pathway

30
Q

The male hormone (testosterone is the precursor to

A

estrogen

31
Q

____________ estrogen synthase is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens

A

aromatase

32
Q

_________ converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone which is vital for masculinization

A

5 alpha reductase

33
Q

After gonadectomy and E2+P treatment of adult rats
Females display ___________
Males____________

A

female reproductive behavior and have an LH surge\

do not display female behavior nor have an LH surge

34
Q

When females are treated with testosterone after birth. They perform less lordosis this is because

A

testosterone defemivnized behavior

35
Q

When castrated males are injected with E and P what happens

A

They exhibited lordosis because testicular secretions are not present to defense behavior

36
Q

Males deprived of testosterone (T) from the testes develop_______
•Females given testosterone around the time of birth exhibit __________
•Testosterone_________ sex behavior!
•

A

female patterns of behavior;
less female behavior;

DEFEMINIZES

37
Q

What about male sex behavior (i.e. mounting?)
Males deprived of T neonatally do not _________
males, and females given T neonatally do __________
Testosterone _________ sex behavior!

A

mount like normal
mount more than normal females.

MASCULINIZES

38
Q

rhesus monkey and psedohemaphrodites

A

Pseudohermaphroditesdaughters

of pregnant mothers treated with T

39
Q

rhesus monkey and psedohemaphrodites

A

Pseudohermaphroditesdaughters
of pregnant mothers treated with T

These hemaphrodiets showed more male like behavior in terms of play and pursuit play

40
Q

_______________

Sex Difference in CNS male and female

A

Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernosus (SNB)

41
Q

_____________ control cupping or rat penis

A

medial bulbocavernosus and lateral bulbocavernosus

42
Q

Males and females behave differently because of sex differences in their brains caused _______________ in a manner similar to external genitals and reproductive ducts.

A

by testicular secretions

43
Q

1) Established by exposure to T during a critical perinatal period.
3) Blocked by perinatal exposure to an aromatase inhibitor.
4) Blocked by embryonic/postnatal exposure to ER blockers.
2) Masculine brain development is blocked by perinatal castration.
Conclusion: C

A

reation of neural substrates that motivate
masculineand NOT femininereproductive behaviors
established in males by testicular T converted to E2 in brain and E2 binding to ER. (estrogen receptor) in POA (preoperative area)!

44
Q

testicular T converted to E2 in brain and E2 binding to _________ in ________

A

ER. (estrogen receptor) in POA (preoperative area)!

Physci 140 (9 decks)

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