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Physci 140 > Week 8 mixture > Flashcards

Week 8 mixture Flashcards

1
Q

________________ a regularly recurrent state of sexual
receptivity during which the female of most
mammals will accept the male and is capable of
conceiving

A

Estrus:

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2
Q

Examples of estrus

A

○ Female hamsters only nice to males during estrus

○ Female baboons have sexual swellings to indicate fertility

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3
Q

● Human females do not have any obvious signals

of

A

estrus to indicate fertility

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4
Q

○ Humans also have _____________: engage in sexual behavior throughout hormonal cycle

A

extended sexuality

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5
Q

Desires during fertility should be inputs__________
○ This is a straightforward prediction from sexual
selection theory
○ Occurs in animals: females will mate with the
__________male when they are fertile

A

to mating adaptations

“optimal”

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6
Q

What is the controversy of selection theory when applied to humans

A

Controversy when applied to humans
○ Humans all look different
○ Humans might not have estrus (obvious physical
signals)
○ Effects on this idea do not always have reliable
measurements
■ Different experiments use different methods

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7
Q

______________ When fertile, women elevate their preferences

for putative indicators of good genes

A

ovulatory shift hypothesis

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8
Q

● Shows that humans are not emancipated from

all hormonal control

A

Women place a higher priority on specific male
characteristics
○ To pass on good genes to their offspring

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9
Q

Scent of symmetry study

A

○ Women at high fertility preferred body odor of more
symmetric males
○ Women at low fertility did not show much preference

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10
Q

Women’s attraction to their own

partners and other men ___________

A

changes

throughout their cycle

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11
Q

○ Woman was more interested in other men

during high fertility if

A

their male partners was

less sexually attractive

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12
Q

What are some cue of ovulation

A

Behavioral: clothing choice, flirtation, body
movement
● Vocal: pitch, attractiveness
● Olfactory: body odors

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13
Q

Men are picking up on some type of

__________

A

fertility/ovulatory cue

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14
Q

○ Challenge hypothesis: in the presence of fertile female, if rivals are present,

A

then T goes up to potentially fight or
mate
○ Male’s testosterone increased in response to competition
during partner’s high fertility

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15
Q

women’s hormonal state can have an impact on

A

her partner’s hormonal state

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16
Q

Women’s sexual interests change across their cycle

A

Women place a premium on male attractiveness while they are fertile

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17
Q

○ Robust upward shift in women’s preference for all purported cues of

A

genetic quality

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18
Q

● New studies are examining if other relationship factors

A

mute or amplify cycle
shifts
○ EX: bondedness with partner

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19
Q

___________ congenital conditions involving atypical
development of chromosomal, gonadal, or
anatomical sex

A

DSD: disorders of sexual development

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20
Q

● Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

(CAIS)
XY males with mutation in androgen receptor causing
insensitivity
○ Female external appearance, and female-typical gender
identity
○ Internal testes, no ovaries or uterus

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21
Q

Abnormal number of sex chromosomes →

A

Turner Syndrome (XO); Kleinfelter Syndrome (XXY)

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22
Q

Excess androgens (XX genotype) → ___________

A

Congenital Adrenal

Hyperplasia (CAH)

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23
Q

___________ the personal sense of one’s own gender

○ Unique to humans

A

Gender Identity:

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24
Q

_____________ persistent cross-gender

identification and discomfort with the natal sex

A

Gender dysphoria/incongruence (GD):

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25
Q

Embryo begins as __________

A

biopotential

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26
Q

Sex differentiation occurs due to genes

○

A

Sry (XY) → testis

○ No sry (XX) → ovaries

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27
Q

Males: have what organization and activational effects of testosterone.

A

organizational period of masculinization
in brain due to T → E2 during fetal development

○ Activated in adulthood by high T

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28
Q

● Females: ___________
during organizational period (probably)
○ Activated in_____________

A

no active hormonal contribution

adulthood by high E2 + progesterone

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29
Q

● Testosterone is converted to estrogens by __________ in many areas of the body

A

aromatase

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30
Q

Role of E2 in female neural development: ArKO♀. The goal of the experiment was to

A

examine if there are feminizing effects of E2 on brain development

31
Q

○ Currently, organization of feminine brain is thought to have _____________

A

no hormonal influence (lack of T)

32
Q

● ArKO♀ showed reduced __________

○ Compared to wt and heterozygous KO

A

lordosis behavior

33
Q

● Female aromatase knockout mice (ArKO♀)

A

○ Targets aromatase gene
○ Global knockout → no aromatase in any tissues → cannot synthesize estrogen anywhere
○ Estrogen receptors are unaffected; possible to supplement E2

34
Q

ArKo not exhibiting lordosis showed ○ Demonstrates there is

A 
no E2 production to influence
activational effect (lordosis) in brain
35
Q 
Role of E2 in female neural development
Estrogen given early post natal showed: 
WT control showed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ArKO♀ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
● WT and ArKO♀ given EB \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

lordosis (expected)
did not show lordosis (expected)
did not show lordosis

36
Q 
Role of E2 in female neural development
Estrogen given prepubertal: 
WT control and WT with EB showed
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ArKO♀ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
● ArKO♀ given EB showed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

lordosis (expected)
did not show lordosis (expected)
lordosis

37
Q

Role of E2 in female neural development.

Based on the prepubertal estrogen experiment

A

○ EB restored lordosis behavior → activational

effect

38
Q

Based on the post natal development experiment,

EB likely

A

masculinized the brain when given during when mice were sensitive to organizational
effect

39
Q

Kisspeptin neurons are a
○ Female AVPV has more kisspeptin neurons than males
○ Organized by E2 during prepubertal period

A

sexually dimorphic area of the brain

40
Q

■ Increase kisspeptin neuron population in_________ as E2 increases with development

A

AVPV

41
Q

○ Important regulator of GnRH → __________

A

involved in HPG axis

42
Q

● Kisspeptin is involved in __________
○ Activational effect of kisspeptin on a feminine behavior
○ Exact pathway/projections not understood (yet)

A

lordosis behavior

43
Q

Female________ has more kisspeptin neurons than males

A

AVPV

44
Q

CAIS comparison to robust sex differences in brain

A

showed the sexually dimorphic areas of the brain

45
Q

Mental rotation task: sexual difference in brain

activation

A

○ Men use parietal areas

○ Females use frontal and temporal areas

46
Q

● MRI: compare 2 images so the highlighted

areas are

A

the differences between them

47
Q

○ A: Control men are more active ___________

A

(in the parietal

area) than control women

48
Q

○ B: Control men _______ than CAIS

A

are more active

49
Q

_________have similar

activation

A

○ C: Control women and CAIS

50
Q

● Female-typical neural activation in _________

A

CAIS

subjects

51
Q

○ Females show less activation of____________

A

left inferior

parietal lobe than men

52
Q

__________measure directionality of

brain matter structure

A

FA = fractional anisotropy =

53
Q

○ Men typically have higher

A

FA than women

54
Q

● Similar image comparison to MRIs
○ Men show higher FA than women
○ Men show higher FA than CAIS
____________

A

○ Women and CAIS have similar FA

55
Q

Conclusion from CAIS studies:

● CAIS subjects show

A

female-typical neural

characteristics

56
Q

● Suggests that _________
play a predominant role for brain sexual
differentiation

A

androgens, not sex chromosomes,

57
Q

Female-typical brain microstructure shown in CAIS
subjects
White matter microstructure

A

Men > Women
Men > CAIS
Women ~ CAIS

58
Q

CAIS comparison to robust sex differences in brain

A

CAIS=Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: XY males with insensitive androgen receptor

59
Q

Hypothalamus’ response _________ is an
objective measure of brain function
○

A

androstadienone

60
Q

Androstadienone: odorous steroid found in blood, sweat,

semen; mostly secreted by ________ smelling it causes a reaction in __________

A

males Smelling it causes hypothalamic activation in females

■

61
Q

See response in prepubertal children and adolscents → hard wired _____________

A

sex diff established before puberty

62
Q

● Sex reversal in adolecent GD: responded ____________
○ Control girls responded, girls with GD did not
○ Control boys did not respond, boys with GD did

A

like their

desired sex

63
Q

Additional studies’ results:

● Transgender boys and girls showed ____________

A

intermediate gray matter
volume in male/female dominant sexually dimorphic
structures

64
Q

● Transgender women showed ___________

A

neuropeptide expression (neurokinin-b and kisspeptin) similar to female-typical levels

65
Q

Individuals with GD possess certain functional brain characteristics typical

A

of their experienced gender

66
Q

CAIS subjects demonstrated female-typical characteristics → _________________ play a predominant role in brain sexual differentiation

A

androgens, rather than

chromosomes,

67
Q

Mental rotation task:______________

A

female-typical fMRI

68
Q

White matter

A

microstructure: female-typical FA values

69
Q

Why would a female’s desires be sensitive during their fertility?

A

○ To pass on the best genes to their offspring. EX: female golden collared manakins want a male who
has the fastest roll snap, because it likely shows improved fitness.

70
Q

● If humans were emancipated from hormonal control, what type of results would we
see in the scent of symmetry study?

A

○ Female response to a male’s scent would have no correlation with their facial symmetry; they would
have no preference throughout their entire cycle

71
Q

● In these studies, why are only naturally cycling females participants?

A

○ Hormone therapies (like the pill) “flatten” out the hormone cycle so there is no more cycle. They do not
have a high fertility phase, and they may not ovulate. These studies would not be able to compare a
high vs low fertility phase. Different types of contraceptives have different effects.

72
Q

● Do female humans have estrus?

A

○ It seems like female humans (who have natural ovulatory cycles) have extremely subtle estrus cues.
Research is still ongoing!

73
Q

Do ovaries use aromatase?

A

○ Yes. To make estrogens anywhere you need testosterone to be converted into estrogen by
aromatase

74
Q

● What is a possible conclusion based on the [mouse ArKO study] results?

A

○ There is a possibility of different critical windows for male/female development.
○ E2 masculinizes the brain during development (during organizational window)
○ Organization for males occurs prenatally, organizational for females occurs postnatally
(according to this data)

Physci 140 (9 decks)

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