Week 2 Flashcards
_______ long muscular tube that travels from the epididymus into the pelvic cavity
vas deferens
__________ produces the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
prostate gland
__________ tube that carries seman and urine out of the body
urethra
__________ duct behind testes that pass to the vas deferens
epidymis
________ male erectile organ by which semine and urine are discharged from
penis
_______ duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the blaster
ureter
_____________ opens into vas deferens nd secretes many of the components of semen
seminal vesicles
_______________ engorged with blood
erectile tissue
___________ male reproductive gland or gonad
testis
pathway of testosterone
Hypothalamus -> gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRh) -> anterior pituitary -> FSH and Lh secreting cells
___________ FSH secreting cells involved in speratogenesis and inhibition
Sertoli cells
_____________________ LH secreting cells involved in testosterone
Leydig cells
Human males produce ______________
90 million sperm a day
__________ produce testosterone and are controlled by LH
leydig cells
_________________ sustain germ cells and testosterone
Sertoli cells
What are the germ cells
spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatid, spermatozoa
Leydig cells use a ___________
paracrine
___________ involved in glycolicsylation of secreted proteins
Golgi apparatus
___________ structurally and functionally associated with smooth ER
peroxisome
___________ normally euchromatic
nucleus
____________ prominent peripherally located in nucleus
nucleolus
__________ sit of enzymatic action in testosterone biosynthesis
mitochondria
____________ packed with enzymes to make steroids
Smooth ER
_________________ facilitate cholesterol transport to mitochondrion
Microtubules and intermediate filaments
What is the conversion pathway of cholesterol
cholesterol -> pregnenolone -> testosterone
___________ is the pathway which describes the production of sex hormones
steriogenic pathway
___________ activation or deactivation of this transporter determines if these hormones will be made.
STAR
_________ moves cholesterol into mitochondria so testosterone can be made
Star
____________ also produce estradiol (not just a female hormone)
Lydig cells
Behavior of seasonally breading birds
as day length increases, testic grow in size and LH and FSH production increases. The growth of the testes is an anatomic representation of hormone changes
castration experiment:
-100% of rats try to copulate with female with normal testosterone
-0% tried to copulate with rat after castration
What happens after testosterone is returns
-After a few weeks of testosterone therapy. The desire to copulate returns
The gap is a result of neuroplasticity
The amount of testosterone has ______________to due with the amount or desire to reproduce
nothing
*presence is way more important
How was testosterone discovered
radioactive steroid uptake
immunocytochemistry
Where it acts?
- amygdala
- olfactory bulb
- hypothalamus
- medial preoptic area
- vomeronasal organ
___________ causes males to want to copulate
testosterone
__________ acts as a control to testosterone
cholesterol
________ has a sexually dimorphic area of the brain as this is where testosterone acts
preoptic area
_______________ and ________ control cupping and flaring of the mouse penus
medial bulbocavernosus and material bulbocavernosus
In the Spinal nucleus of bulbocavernosus
neurons that control sexual participation are larger during reproduction
women are born with _________ follicles that steadily decline throughout life
7 million
Rats have a ______ esterus cycle
four day: estrus, diestrus I, diestrus II, preestrus
during the estrus period hormones __________ oscillate
GNRH, LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone
Males: _____________ (mounting and ejaculation)
courtship and copulation
Females: ________ lordosis
perceptive behavior. Sex is not possible without it
female behaviors
- increased locomotion
- spreads estrous cycle
- darting locamotion with sudden stops
- tensed position
- lordosis
males behaviors:
- smells
- follows
- bumps into
- grasps flanks
- penile insertion
- Intromission
- ejaculate
__________ pressure from mounting. signal travels through superior colliculus, dorsal root ganglion, motor neurons for back muscles
sensory input
high estrogen levels increases
proprioceptivity
Estradiol receptors present in _________
Estradiol upregulates Progesterone Receptors in ________
VMN- ventromedial nucleus
Progesterone facilitates _______
lordosis
Progesterone receptors only upregulated for several hours
Loss of Progesterone receptors/decline of E & P and ________________
lordosis reflex declines
what is the ejaculatory behavior in an male mouse when in a group vs alone with a female
in a group ejaculation only occurs during esterous phase. Alone it occurs all the time
___________ occurs across different species. This is defined as anatomical difference between sexes
sexual dimorphism
What is a primary sex differences
the difference required for reproduction to occur, pennus, vagina, etc.
what is a secondary sex difference
benefit in the process of reproduction but not responsible for reproduction. Fat deposition, body hair, mamopry gland
____________ behaviors needed for reproduction.
copulatory behavior
________ can be varied and not directly involved in reproduction
courtship behavior
________ show that There are sex differences that are independent of hormones.
rhesus monkeys
In rhesus monkeys
males and hemaphrodite males showed more pursuit play time and rough play behavior than females
_____________ usually defers to the determination of the type of gonad
sex determination
__________ refers to the development process by which non-gonadal tissues are differentiated into two sexes
sex differentiation
____________ a developing embryo the gonad can become an ovary or testis
bipotential
__________ a developing embryo, the embryo can become a ovary or testsis
bipotential
