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Physci 140 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ long muscular tube that travels from the epididymus into the pelvic cavity

A

vas deferens

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2
Q

__________ produces the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm

A

prostate gland

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3
Q

__________ tube that carries seman and urine out of the body

A

urethra

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4
Q

__________ duct behind testes that pass to the vas deferens

A

epidymis

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5
Q

________ male erectile organ by which semine and urine are discharged from

A

penis

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6
Q

_______ duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the blaster

A

ureter

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7
Q

_____________ opens into vas deferens nd secretes many of the components of semen

A

seminal vesicles

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8
Q

_______________ engorged with blood

A

erectile tissue

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9
Q

___________ male reproductive gland or gonad

A

testis

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10
Q

pathway of testosterone

A

Hypothalamus -> gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRh) -> anterior pituitary -> FSH and Lh secreting cells

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11
Q

___________ FSH secreting cells involved in speratogenesis and inhibition

A

Sertoli cells

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12
Q

_____________________ LH secreting cells involved in testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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13
Q

Human males produce ______________

A

90 million sperm a day

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14
Q

__________ produce testosterone and are controlled by LH

A

leydig cells

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15
Q

_________________ sustain germ cells and testosterone

A

Sertoli cells

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16
Q

What are the germ cells

A

spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatid, spermatozoa

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17
Q

Leydig cells use a ___________

A

paracrine

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18
Q

___________ involved in glycolicsylation of secreted proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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19
Q

___________ structurally and functionally associated with smooth ER

A

peroxisome

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20
Q

___________ normally euchromatic

A

nucleus

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21
Q

____________ prominent peripherally located in nucleus

A

nucleolus

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22
Q

__________ sit of enzymatic action in testosterone biosynthesis

A

mitochondria

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23
Q

____________ packed with enzymes to make steroids

A

Smooth ER

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24
Q

_________________ facilitate cholesterol transport to mitochondrion

A

Microtubules and intermediate filaments

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25
Q

What is the conversion pathway of cholesterol

A

cholesterol -> pregnenolone -> testosterone

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26
Q

___________ is the pathway which describes the production of sex hormones

A

steriogenic pathway

27
Q

___________ activation or deactivation of this transporter determines if these hormones will be made.

A

STAR

28
Q

_________ moves cholesterol into mitochondria so testosterone can be made

A

Star

29
Q

____________ also produce estradiol (not just a female hormone)

A

Lydig cells

30
Q

Behavior of seasonally breading birds

A

as day length increases, testic grow in size and LH and FSH production increases. The growth of the testes is an anatomic representation of hormone changes

31
Q

castration experiment:
-100% of rats try to copulate with female with normal testosterone
-0% tried to copulate with rat after castration
What happens after testosterone is returns

A

-After a few weeks of testosterone therapy. The desire to copulate returns

The gap is a result of neuroplasticity

32
Q

The amount of testosterone has ______________to due with the amount or desire to reproduce

A

nothing

*presence is way more important

33
Q

How was testosterone discovered

A

radioactive steroid uptake

immunocytochemistry

34
Q

Where it acts?

A
  • amygdala
  • olfactory bulb
  • hypothalamus
  • medial preoptic area
  • vomeronasal organ
35
Q

___________ causes males to want to copulate

A

testosterone

36
Q

__________ acts as a control to testosterone

A

cholesterol

37
Q

________ has a sexually dimorphic area of the brain as this is where testosterone acts

A

preoptic area

38
Q

_______________ and ________ control cupping and flaring of the mouse penus

A

medial bulbocavernosus and material bulbocavernosus

39
Q

In the Spinal nucleus of bulbocavernosus

A

neurons that control sexual participation are larger during reproduction

40
Q

women are born with _________ follicles that steadily decline throughout life

A

7 million

41
Q

Rats have a ______ esterus cycle

A

four day: estrus, diestrus I, diestrus II, preestrus

42
Q

during the estrus period hormones __________ oscillate

A

GNRH, LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone

43
Q

Males: _____________ (mounting and ejaculation)

A

courtship and copulation

44
Q

Females: ________ lordosis

A

perceptive behavior. Sex is not possible without it

45
Q

female behaviors

A
  • increased locomotion
  • spreads estrous cycle
  • darting locamotion with sudden stops
  • tensed position
  • lordosis
46
Q

males behaviors:

A
  • smells
  • follows
  • bumps into
  • grasps flanks
  • penile insertion
  • Intromission
  • ejaculate
47
Q

__________ pressure from mounting. signal travels through superior colliculus, dorsal root ganglion, motor neurons for back muscles

A

sensory input

48
Q

high estrogen levels increases

A

proprioceptivity

49
Q

Estradiol receptors present in _________

Estradiol upregulates Progesterone Receptors in ________

A

VMN- ventromedial nucleus

50
Q

Progesterone facilitates _______

A

lordosis

51
Q

Progesterone receptors only upregulated for several hours

Loss of Progesterone receptors/decline of E & P and ________________

A

lordosis reflex declines

52
Q

what is the ejaculatory behavior in an male mouse when in a group vs alone with a female

A

in a group ejaculation only occurs during esterous phase. Alone it occurs all the time

53
Q

___________ occurs across different species. This is defined as anatomical difference between sexes

A

sexual dimorphism

54
Q

What is a primary sex differences

A

the difference required for reproduction to occur, pennus, vagina, etc.

55
Q

what is a secondary sex difference

A

benefit in the process of reproduction but not responsible for reproduction. Fat deposition, body hair, mamopry gland

56
Q

____________ behaviors needed for reproduction.

A

copulatory behavior

57
Q

________ can be varied and not directly involved in reproduction

A

courtship behavior

58
Q

________ show that There are sex differences that are independent of hormones.

A

rhesus monkeys

59
Q

In rhesus monkeys

A

males and hemaphrodite males showed more pursuit play time and rough play behavior than females

60
Q

_____________ usually defers to the determination of the type of gonad

A

sex determination

61
Q

__________ refers to the development process by which non-gonadal tissues are differentiated into two sexes

A

sex differentiation

62
Q

____________ a developing embryo the gonad can become an ovary or testis

A

bipotential

63
Q

__________ a developing embryo, the embryo can become a ovary or testsis

A

bipotential

Physci 140 (9 decks)

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