Week8

Question 1

Significant hematuria is when there is more than __________ per __________ in spun urine or more than __________ per __________ in unspun urine

Answer 1

5 rbc; high power field

2 rbc; high power field

Question 2

Differential diagnosis for hematuria??

Answer 2

Stones
Trauma
Infection
Tumor
Others

Question 3

Necroturia is ????

Commonly found in???

Answer 3

Passage of necrotic tissue in urine

Bladder cancer

Question 4

_______ is the most common cause of Bladder Outlet Obstruction in men

Answer 4

BPH

Question 5

_______ is the most common cause of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) in men

Answer 5

BPH

Question 6

Unlike other androgen dependent organs in the body, the prostate converts testosterone to ________________ using the enzyme ___________.

Answer 6

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

5α-reductase

Question 7

Prostate

DHT is more potent and accounts for ____% of androgen in the tissue. Also, unlike other tissues, the prostate retains the ability to —————— and thus levels of DHT also remain high though life.

Answer 7

90

respond to testosterone

Question 8

The _______________________________________ (IPSS)

Answer 8

International Prostate Symptom Score

Question 9

Differential Diagnosis
Common differential diagnoses for benign prostatic hyperplasia include:

Prostate cancer – patients may present with LUTS, however ___________________ prostate and _______ PSA are indicative of prostate cancer

Urinary Tract Infection – the addition of ________,_________, or _______ , in the presence of a nitrite and/or leucocyte positive urine dip

Overactive bladder – although the patient will present with LUTS, ______________ will predominate; additionally, patients with just overactive bladder will have a ________ (max flow QMax >___ml/s)

Bladder cancer –__________ is likely to be the predominant feature, LUTS are less common (especially initially)

Answer 9

an asymmetrical craggy/nodular ; raised

dysuria, loin or suprapubic pain, or pyrexia

storage LUTS ; good flow rate; 20

haematuria

Question 10

A _________________________ is the most widely used procedure undertaken to manage BPH

Answer 10

TransUrethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)

Question 11

A TransUrethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP), involving endoscopic ________________________ using a _____________ to increase the __________.

Answer 11

removal of obstructive prostate tissue

diathermy loop

urethral lumen size

Question 12

Complications of TURP include ____________, haemorrhage, __________,__________ , and ______________.

Answer 12

TUR syndrome

sexual dysfunction

retrograde ejaculation

urethral stricture

Question 13

Bladder cancer develops from the _______ of the bladder

Answer 13

lining

Question 14

________— is the most common tumour of the urinary system.

Answer 14

Bladder cancer

Question 15

Bladder cancers can further be classified into:

_________________ bladder cancer
_________________ bladder cancer
_________________ or _________________ bladder cancer

Answer 15

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer

Question 16

The Bladder Wall

The bladder wall can be divided into four layers, which are important when classifying bladder malignancies:

Inner lining of the bladder is called the ____________ (__________)

The second layer is a __________ layer called the __________

The third layer is a _________ layer and is termed the —————-
The four (outer) layer is the _______________

Answer 16

transitional epithelium; urothelium

connective tissue ; lamina propria

Muscular ; muscularis propria

fatty connective tissues

Question 17

The most important risk factors for bladder cancer is ___________ and _________.

Answer 17

smoking and increasing age

Question 18

Clinical Features of bladder cancer

The most common presenting features is ____________ , either ________ or ________. Patients may also present with recurrent _______ or ___________-

Answer 18

painless haematuria

visible or non-visible

UTIs; lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)

Question 19

All cases of painless haematuria should be investigated with a __________

Answer 19

cystoscopy

Question 20

___________carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer

Answer 20

Transitional cell