Sepsis Asepsis and Sterilization Flashcards
• Sepsis- state of _________________
• The word Asepsis: Greek “a” to ________, “sepsis”= _____________
infection by microbial organisms
deprive
putrefaction
Asepsis presumes the risk of __________ contamination is minimal.
airborne
Aseptic method can be _________ or ________
medical
surgical
Medical asepsis: objects are classified as ________ or ________
clean or dirty
Sources of infection
• Endogenous: _____,_______,______
Exogenous: _________,________,_________
Skin
Mucous membranes
Viscera
Theatre environment
The Surgeon
other theatre staffs
Some Principles of asepsis
• Surgeon’s preparation for surgery
• Surgeons with an ________ should not operate
• Surgeon with ______,_______,_____ on the hand and forearm should not operate
•________/__________ swabs
URTI
cuts, abrasions, rashes
Nasal/pharyngeal
Asepsis-theatre work ethics
• Always _________ the sterile field; avoid _________ to the sterile.
• Keep sterile instruments _________ level
• Avoid reaching ________________.
• Do not _________,_______,_______ over a sterile field
• Keep sterile field dry.
• Sterilized instruments should have labels showing contents, time and date and
face ; tuning side or back
above waist or table
across the sterile field.
speak, sneeze or cough
Asepsis-theatre work ethics contd
• __________ before a surgical procedure removes as many microorganisms from the hand
• Sterile gowns
• Gloving
• Carry linens away from the body
• Do not raise dust-avoid __________
Scrubbing
shaking linens
Asepsis:Patient-related factors
•______ hospital stay before surgery and after is desirable
• Control patient related _____________ that increases susceptibility to sepsis
• Preoperative showering –no evidence
• Change patients to _____________ before transporting them to theatre. Remove nail polishes, jewelleries
• Remove ___________ before entering the theatre
Short
co-morbid factors
clean theatre gown
ward blankets
Asepsis-theatre related factors
• Air-borne mode of transmission unusual but should be considered in surgeries involving _________.
• Circulating airborne pathogens is related to the ________ in the theatre and their _____________ and __________
• Door leading to the theatre should not be _________ as it affects ventilation system
implants
number of people
movements and theatre clothing worn.
left open
Theatre ventilation systems should be _________ or ___________ mode(Theatre pressure(<or>?) outside rooms)</or>
plenum
positive air pressure
>
Decontamination
Concept applied to __________________ to ensure safety in their further use on patients and handling by the theatre staff
re-usable medical instruments
Decontamination involves:
_________
_________
___________
Cleaning
Disinfection
Sterilization
decontamination
Cleaning removes ________ contamination not necessarily _____________
• Disinfection is a process that reduces the ________________. _____,_______ may be unaffected
• Disinfectants are ________ preparations used on ____________.
visible; destroy microorganisms.
number of viable organism to an acceptable level
Viruses bacterial spores
Chemical; inanimate objects
Cleaning is a prerequisite to __________ and __________
disinfection and sterilization
Disinfectant May be toxic to tissues
T/F
T
Disinfection of surgical instruments •
Disinfection may be via:
•__________ for heat-tolerant instruments. ________,________
• Kills most _______
• Chemical disinfection: good where —————— cannot be used
• eg 2percent _________ and ________
Moist heat
rigid proctoscope, speculum; viruses
moist heat
glutaraldehyde and peracetic acid
Moist heat disinfection may be used for heavily contaminated instruments prior to cleaning
T/F
T
Levels of chemical disinfection
Differentiate
High level disinfection
Intermediate disinfection
Low level disinfection
High:can handle everything, including spores but that’s when it’s not in a high concentration
Intermediate:inactivates mycobacterium, and all the others, except bacterial spores
Low: kills most bacteria , some viruses, some fungi , but can’t be relied on to kill the resistant microorganisms such as bacterial spores or tubercle bacilli
Medical devices Versus risk of infection
Critical
Semi-critical
Non-critical
Critical : enters normal body sterile tissue . Must be sterilized
Semi-critical:contact mucous membranes. High level disinfection, sterilization
Non-critical: contact intact skin. Intermediate or low level disinfection
Selection of chemical disinfectants in clinical practice
• Low Level disinfectants:
__________
____________
Intermediate level disinfectants
________
_______
___________
High level disinfectants
____________
_______________
Phenolics
Quatenary ammonium compounds
Alcohols
Hypochlorites
Iodine/iodophors
Hydrogen peroxide
Glutaraldehyde
Antiseptics
• An antiseptic is a type of _________, which _________ or ______________ micro-organisms on living tissues without ____________ effects when applied to surfaces of the body or to exposed tissues.
disinfectant
destroys or inhibits growth of
causing injurious
Clinical applications of anti-sepsis
• prevent infection of _________ or ______
•applied to _______ and _______ to prevent sepsis by removing or excluding microbes from these
unbroken skin or mucous membranes
Burns and open wounds
Ideal antiseptics
• _______ action
• _______ action
• _______ effect
• _______
• _______ reaction
Rapid
Broad
Persistent
Safe
Minimal
