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NUR154 > week8 > Flashcards

week8 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What does “A” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
A
  1. What does “A” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
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2
Q
  1. What does “B” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
A
  1. What does “B” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
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3
Q
  1. What does “C” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
A
  1. What does “C” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
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4
Q
  1. What does “D” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
A
  1. What does “D” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
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5
Q
  1. What does “E” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
A
  1. What does “E” represent on the diagram?
    A) small intestine
    B) large intestine
    C) oesophagus
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
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6
Q
  1. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
    A) cellular respiration
    B) food selection
    C) elimination of undigested food
    D) regulation of blood pH
    E) integration and coordination of other systems
A
  1. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
    A) cellular respiration
    B) food selection
    **C) elimination of undigested food **
    D) regulation of blood pH
    E) integration and coordination of other systems
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7
Q
  1. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?
    A) salivary gland
    B) liver
    C) gallbladder
    D) stomach
    E) pancreas
A
  1. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?
    A) salivary gland
    B) liver
    C) gallbladder
    **D) stomach **
    E) pancreas
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8
Q
  1. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
    A) skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.
    B) the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.
    C) in direct contact with the food that is consumed.
    D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres.
    E) connective tissue and the peritoneum.
A
  1. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
    A) skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.
    B) the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.
    C) in direct contact with the food that is consumed.
    **D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres. **
    E) connective tissue and the peritoneum.
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9
Q
  1. The enteric plexus
    A) is found in the mucosa.
    B) consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.
    C) contains sympathetic neurons and fibREs.
    D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
    E) is a valve in the GI tract.
A
  1. The enteric plexus
    A) is found in the mucosa.
    B) consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.
    C) contains sympathetic neurons and fibREs.
    **D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract. **
    E) is a valve in the GI tract.
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10
Q
  1. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
    A) mucosa
    B) muscularis
    C) submucosa
    D) serosa
    E) peritoneum
A
  1. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
    **A) mucosa **
    B) muscularis
    C) submucosa
    D) serosa
    E) peritoneum
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11
Q
  1. Which of the following is correctly matched?
    A) mucosa - controls peristalsis
    B) serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
    C) submucosa - lamina propria
    D) serosa - increased surface area
    E) muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
A
  1. Which of the following is correctly matched?
    A) mucosa - controls peristalsis
    B) serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
    C) submucosa - lamina propria
    D) serosa - increased surface area
    **E) muscularis - responsible for peristalsis **
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12
Q
  1. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.
    A) mucosa
    B) serosa
    C) submucosa
    D) muscularis externa
    E) adventitia
A
  1. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.
    A) mucosa
    B) serosa
    C) submucosa
    **D) muscularis externa **
    E) adventitia
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13
Q
  1. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
    A) submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.
    B) muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.
    C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
    D) peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.
    E) submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis
A
  1. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
    A) submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.
    B) muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.
    **C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. **
    D) peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.
    E) submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis
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14
Q
  1. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
    A) liquefying and digesting the food.
    B) vitamin A and D production and storage.
    C) distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
    D) insulin production.
    E) bile production.
A
  1. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
    **A) liquefying and digesting the food. **
    B) vitamin A and D production and storage.
    C) distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
    D) insulin production.
    E) bile production.
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15
Q
  1. Arrange the following processes in proper sequence:
  2. digestion
  3. elimination
  4. ingestion
  5. absorption
    A) 3, 4, 2, 1
    B) 1, 4, 3, 2
    C) 4, 1, 2, 3
    D) 3, 4, 1, 2
    E) 3, 1, 4, 2
A
  1. Arrange the following processes in proper sequence:
  2. digestion
  3. elimination
  4. ingestion
  5. absorption
    A) 3, 4, 2, 1
    B) 1, 4, 3, 2
    C) 4, 1, 2, 3
    D) 3, 4, 1, 2
    **E) 3, 1, 4, 2 **
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16
Q
  1. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
    A) chemical digestion
    B) mass movements
    C) mastication
    D) mixing waves
    E) neutralization
A
  1. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
    A) chemical digestion
    **B) mass movements **
    C) mastication
    D) mixing waves
    E) neutralization
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17
Q
  1. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
    A) mastication of food.
    B) absorption of food.
    C) elimination of undigested food.
    D) propulsion of food through the digestive tract.
    E) mixing of food
A
  1. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
    A) mastication of food.
    **B) absorption of food. **
    C) elimination of undigested food.
    D) propulsion of food through the digestive tract.
    E) mixing of food
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18
Q
  1. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during
    A) the voluntary phase of swallowing.
    B) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
    C) the oesophageal phase of swallowing.
    D) the gastric phase of swallowing.
    E) the oral phase of swallowing.
A
  1. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during
    A) the voluntary phase of swallowing.
    B) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
    C) the oesophageal phase of swallowing.
    D) the gastric phase of swallowing.
    E) the oral phase of swallowing.
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19
Q
  1. The abdominal cavity is lined with
    A) the omental bursa.
    B) mesenteries.
    C) the greater omentum.
    D) parietal peritoneum.
    E) superficial fascia
A
  1. The abdominal cavity is lined with
    A) the omental bursa.
    B) mesenteries.
    C) the greater omentum.
    **D) parietal peritoneum. **
    E) superficial fascia
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20
Q
  1. Saliva
    A) is produced only when there is food in the mouth.
    B) increases ulceration in the mouth.
    C) is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.
    D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
    E) does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.
A
  1. Saliva
    A) is produced only when there is food in the mouth.
    B) increases ulceration in the mouth.
    C) is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.
    **D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. **
    E) does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.
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21
Q
  1. The oral cavity
    A) opens into the nasopharynx.
    B) directly connects with the oesophagus.
    C) contains the parotid salivary glands.
    D) has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
    E) is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
A
  1. The oral cavity
    A) opens into the nasopharynx.
    B) directly connects with the oesophagus.
    C) contains the parotid salivary glands.
    **D) has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks. **
    E) is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
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22
Q
  1. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
    A) speech and swallowing.
    B) mastication and speech.
    C) mastication and swallowing.
    D) mastication and sense of taste.
    E) deglutition and peristalsis
A
  1. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
    A) speech and swallowing.
    **B) mastication and speech. **
    C) mastication and swallowing.
    D) mastication and sense of taste.
    E) deglutition and peristalsis
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23
Q
  1. The tongue
    A) secretes saliva.
    B) plays a major role in swallowing.
    C) contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.
    D) is attached to the hard palate.
    E) functions in deglutition apnoea.
A
  1. The tongue
    A) secretes saliva.
    **B) plays a major role in swallowing. **
    C) contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.
    D) is attached to the hard palate.
    E) functions in deglutition apnoea.
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24
Q
  1. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
    A) uvula
    B) constrictor muscles
    C) papillae and taste buds
    D) periodontal ligament
    E) fauces
A
  1. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
    A) uvula
    B) constrictor muscles
    **C) papillae and taste buds **
    D) periodontal ligament
    E) fauces
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25
Q
  1. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue
    A) are more easily swallowed.
    B) can be detected by taste buds.
    C) are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
    D) are then easy to chew.
    E) are not readily absorbed.
A
  1. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue
    A) are more easily swallowed.
    B) can be detected by taste buds.
    C) are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
    D) are then easy to chew.
    E) are not readily absorbed.
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26
Q
  1. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the
    A) epiglottis.
    B) palatine tonsils.
    C) tongue.
    D) soft palate.
    E) hard palate.
A
  1. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the
    A) epiglottis.
    B) palatine tonsils.
    C) tongue.
    D) soft palate.
    E) hard palate.
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27
Q
  1. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the
    A) parotid glands.
    B) sublingual glands.
    C) buccal glands.
    D) labial glands.
    E) lacrimal glands.
A
  1. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the
    A) parotid glands.
    **B) sublingual glands. **
    C) buccal glands.
    D) labial glands.
    E) lacrimal glands.
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28
Q
  1. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the
    A) parotid glands.
    B) submandibular glands.
    C) buccal glands.
    D) labial glands.
    E) sublingual glands.
A
  1. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the
    **A) parotid glands. **
    B) submandibular glands.
    C) buccal glands.
    D) labial glands.
    E) sublingual glands.
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29
Q
  1. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
    A) flushing and protein digestion.
    B) swallowing and fat digestion.
    C) peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion.
    D) moistening and starch digestion.
    E) none of the above
A
  1. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
    A) flushing and protein digestion.
    B) swallowing and fat digestion.
    C) peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion.
    **D) moistening and starch digestion. **
    E) none of the above
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30
Q
  1. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
    A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
    B) vagus nerve.
    C) taste centers of the medulla.
    D) intercostal nerves.
    E) trigeminal nerve.
A
  1. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
    **A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. **
    B) vagus nerve.
    C) taste centers of the medulla.
    D) intercostal nerves.
    E) trigeminal nerve.
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31
Q
  1. Mastication
    A) increases the surface area of food particles.
    B) decreases the efficiency of digestion.
    C) occurs in both the mouth and stomach.
    D) is never under voluntary control.
    E) decreases the surface area of food particles.
A
  1. Mastication
    A) increases the surface area of food particles.
    B) decreases the efficiency of digestion.
    C) occurs in both the mouth and stomach.
    D) is never under voluntary control.
    E) decreases the surface area of food particles.
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32
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?
    A) The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx.
    B) In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
    C) The uvula rises during the oesophageal phase.
    D) Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing.
    E) Breathing occurs during swallowing.
A
  1. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?
    A) The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx.
    **B) In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx. **
    C) The uvula rises during the oesophageal phase.
    D) Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing.
    E) Breathing occurs during swallowing.
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33
Q
  1. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?
    A) laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx
    B) relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity
    C) the tongue might be swallowed
    D) nothing - swallowing will be normal
    E) peristalsis will not begin
A
  1. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?
    A) laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx
    **B) relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity **
    C) the tongue might be swallowed
    D) nothing - swallowing will be normal
    E) peristalsis will not begin
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34
Q
  1. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the
    A) nasopharynx.
    B) oropharynx.
    C) laryngopharynx.
    D) oesophagus.
    E) larynx.
A
  1. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the
    A) nasopharynx.
    B) oropharynx.
    C) laryngopharynx.
    D) oesophagus.
    E) larynx.
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35
Q
  1. The oesophagus
    A) extends from the fauces to the stomach.
    B) has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.
    C) produces two enzymes that digest proteins.
    D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
    E) has thin walls of connective tissue.
A
  1. The oesophagus
    A) extends from the fauces to the stomach.
    B) has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.
    C) produces two enzymes that digest proteins.
    **D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. **
    E) has thin walls of connective tissue.
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36
Q
  1. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
    A) mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor
    B) parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
    C) chief cells - produce mucous
    D) endocrine cells - produce enzymes
    E) chief cells – produce hormones
A
  1. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
    A) mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor
    **B) parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid **
    C) chief cells - produce mucous
    D) endocrine cells - produce enzymes
    E) chief cells – produce hormones
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37
Q
  1. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?
    A) body - portion closest to the oesophagus
    B) pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
    C) fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum
    D) cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach
    E) pyloric opening - opening from the oesophagus
A
  1. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?
    A) body - portion closest to the oesophagus
    **B) pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach **
    C) fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum
    D) cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach
    E) pyloric opening - opening from the oesophagus
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38
Q
  1. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
    A) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
    B) contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
    C) spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.
    D) increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells.
    E) increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.
A
  1. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
    **A) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter. **
    B) contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
    C) spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.
    D) increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells.
    E) increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.
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39
Q
  1. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent
    A) food from entering the stomach.
    B) stomach acid from being released.
    C) digestive enzymes from being released.
    D) food from entering the small intestine.
    E) the making of chyme.
A
  1. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent
    A) food from entering the stomach.
    B) stomach acid from being released.
    C) digestive enzymes from being released.
    D) food from entering the small intestine.
    E) the making of chyme.
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40
Q
  1. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
    A) amylase and lipase
    B) pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
    C) bile and lipase
    D) trypsin and amylase
    E) bicarbonate and secretin
A
  1. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
    A) amylase and lipase
    **B) pepsinogen and intrinsic factor **
    C) bile and lipase
    D) trypsin and amylase
    E) bicarbonate and secretin
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41
Q
  1. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
    A) muscularis - two layers; both circular
    B) rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa
    C) mucosa - gastric glands
    D) gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa
    E) lining - simple columnar epithelium
A
  1. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
    **A) muscularis - two layers; both circular **
    B) rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa
    C) mucosa - gastric glands
    D) gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa
    E) lining - simple columnar epithelium
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42
Q
  1. Why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?
    A) The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won’t attack it.
    B) The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren’t efficient enough.
    C) The stomach lining is too tough to be digested.
    D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
    E) The stomach is protected by HCl.
A
  1. Why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?
    A) The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won’t attack it.
    B) The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren’t efficient enough.
    C) The stomach lining is too tough to be digested.
    D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
    E) The stomach is protected by HCl.
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43
Q
  1. Intrinsic factor
    A) increases gastric motility.
    B) causes the release of stomach acid.
    C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
    D) protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid.
    E) stimulates the synthesis of DNA.
A
  1. Intrinsic factor
    A) increases gastric motility.
    B) causes the release of stomach acid.
    **C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12. **
    D) protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid.
    E) stimulates the synthesis of DNA.
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44
Q
  1. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
    A) activation of salivary amylase
    B) enhanced carbohydrate digestion
    C) proper environment for functioning of pepsin
    D) protein synthesis
    E) lipid digestion
A
  1. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
    A) activation of salivary amylase
    B) enhanced carbohydrate digestion
    **C) proper environment for functioning of pepsin **
    D) protein synthesis
    E) lipid digestion
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45
Q
  1. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the
    A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
    B) exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process.
    C) active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
    D) exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions.
    E) the combination of carbon dioxide and water.
A
  1. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the
    A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
    B) exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process.
    C) active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
    D) exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions.
    E) the combination of carbon dioxide and water.
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46
Q
  1. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that?
  2. decreased gastric acid secretion
  3. increased bile production
  4. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion
  5. increased secretin and cholecystokinin
    A) 1, 2, 3, 4
    B) 1, 2, 3
    C) 2, 3, 4
    D) 1, 3, 4
    E) 1, 2, 4
A
  1. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that?
  2. decreased gastric acid secretion
  3. increased bile production
  4. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion
  5. increased secretin and cholecystokinin
    **A) 1, 2, 3, 4 **
    B) 1, 2, 3
    C) 2, 3, 4
    D) 1, 3, 4
    E) 1, 2, 4
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47
Q
  1. Pepsinogen
    A) is secreted by parietal cells.
    B) is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.
    C) is packaged in zymogen granules.
    D) operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more.
    E) helps to form peptide bonds.
A
  1. Pepsinogen
    A) is secreted by parietal cells.
    B) is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.
    C) is packaged in zymogen granules.
    D) operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more.
    E) helps to form peptide bonds.
48
Q
  1. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.
    A) cephalic
    B) gastric
    C) intestinal
    D) pancreatic
    E) conscious
A
  1. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.
    **A) cephalic **
    B) gastric
    C) intestinal
    D) pancreatic
    E) conscious
49
Q
  1. The gastric phase of gastric secretion
    A) decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.
    B) is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food.
    C) is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves.
    D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
    E) leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.
A
  1. The gastric phase of gastric secretion
    A) decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.
    B) is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food.
    C) is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves.
    **D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion. **
    E) leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.
50
Q
  1. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the
    A) cephalic phase of gastric secretion.
    B) gastric phase of gastric secretion.
    C) intestinal phase of gastric secretion.
    D) cystic phase of gastric secretion.
    E) hepatic phase of gastric secretion.
A
  1. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the
    A) cephalic phase of gastric secretion.
    **B) gastric phase of gastric secretion. **
    C) intestinal phase of gastric secretion.
    D) cystic phase of gastric secretion.
    E) hepatic phase of gastric secretion.
51
Q
  1. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion
    A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
    B) leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2.
    C) only stimulates gastric secretion.
    D) will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.
    E) is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.
A
  1. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion
    **A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. **
    B) leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2.
    C) only stimulates gastric secretion.
    D) will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.
    E) is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.
52
Q
  1. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called
    A) bolusin.
    B) chyme.
    C) bile.
    D) phlegm.
    E) feces.
A
  1. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called
    A) bolusin.
    **B) chyme. **
    C) bile.
    D) phlegm.
    E) feces.
53
Q
  1. The pyloric pump
    A) mixes stomach contents for digestion.
    B) causes hunger contractions.
    C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
    D) causes rugae to flatten.
    E) opens the pyloric sphincter completely.
A
  1. The pyloric pump
    A) mixes stomach contents for digestion.
    B) causes hunger contractions.
    **C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening. **
    D) causes rugae to flatten.
    E) opens the pyloric sphincter completely.
54
Q
  1. Duodenal gland secretion prevents
    A) digestive enzyme release.
    B) release of bile from the liver.
    C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
    D) the release of insulin.
    E) peristalsis.
A
  1. Duodenal gland secretion prevents
    A) digestive enzyme release.
    B) release of bile from the liver.
    **C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes. **
    D) the release of insulin.
    E) peristalsis.
55
Q
  1. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include
    A) disaccharidases.
    B) secretin.
    C) cholecystokinin.
    D) bile.
    E) histamine.
A
  1. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include
    A) disaccharidases.
    B) secretin.
    C) cholecystokinin.
    D) bile.
    E) histamine.
56
Q
  1. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to
    A) liberate hormones.
    B) promote peristalsis.
    C) produce bile.
    D) increase surface area for absorption.
    E) stimulate chemical digestion.
A
  1. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to
    A) liberate hormones.
    B) promote peristalsis.
    C) produce bile.
    **D) increase surface area for absorption. **
    E) stimulate chemical digestion.
57
Q
  1. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
    A) pancreatic duct with the lacteals.
    B) greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.
    C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct.
    D) cystic duct and interlobular duct.
    E) hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.
A
  1. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
    A) pancreatic duct with the lacteals.
    B) greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.
    **C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct. **
    D) cystic duct and interlobular duct.
    E) hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.
58
Q
  1. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
    A) submucosa
    B) mucosa
    C) muscularis
    D) serosa
    E) adventitia
A
  1. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
    A) submucosa
    **B) mucosa **
    C) muscularis
    D) serosa
    E) adventitia
59
Q
  1. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?
    A) jejunum
    B) duodenum
    C) ileum
    D) common bile duct
    E) hepatopancreatic ampulla
A
  1. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?
    A) jejunum
    B) duodenum
    **C) ileum **
    D) common bile duct
    E) hepatopancreatic ampulla
60
Q
  1. The gallbladder
    A) produces bile.
    B) is attached to the pancreas.
    C) stores bile.
    D) produces secretin.
    E) breaks down red blood cells.
A
  1. The gallbladder
    A) produces bile.
    B) is attached to the pancreas.
    **C) stores bile. **
    D) produces secretin.
    E) breaks down red blood cells.
61
Q
  1. The pancreatic islets
    A) are found in the wall of the stomach.
    B) excrete mucus.
    C) produce digestive enzymes.
    D) are exocrine glands.
    E) are endocrine glands.
A
  1. The pancreatic islets
    A) are found in the wall of the stomach.
    B) excrete mucus.
    C) produce digestive enzymes.
    D) are exocrine glands.
    **E) are endocrine glands. **
62
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?
    A) The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.
    B) The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones.
    C) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
    D) The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food.
    E) The pancreas digests sugar.
A
  1. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?
    A) The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.
    B) The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones.
    C) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
    D) The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food.
    E) The pancreas digests sugar.
63
Q
  1. Bile would flow directly from the
    A) gallbladder into the hepatic duct.
    B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
    C) bile canaliculus into the cystic duct.
    D) common bile duct into the gallbladder.
    E) cystic duct into the hepatic ducts
A
  1. Bile would flow directly from the
    A) gallbladder into the hepatic duct.
    **B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct. **
    C) bile canaliculus into the cystic duct.
    D) common bile duct into the gallbladder.
    E) cystic duct into the hepatic ducts
64
Q
  1. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
    A) hepatic artery.
    B) hepatic portal vein.
    C) hepatic vein.
    D) inferior vena cava.
    E) celiac trunk.
A
  1. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
    A) hepatic artery.
    B) hepatic portal vein.
    C) hepatic vein.
    D) inferior vena cava.
    E) celiac trunk.
65
Q
  1. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
    A) produce digestive enzymes
    B) synthesize hormones
    C) produce hydrochloric acid
    D) synthesize bile
    E) regulate pH
A
  1. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
    A) produce digestive enzymes
    B) synthesize hormones
    C) produce hydrochloric acid
    **D) synthesize bile **
    E) regulate pH
66
Q
  1. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the

A) pancreas.
B) spleen.
C) liver.
D) stomach.
E) gall bladder

A
  1. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the

A) pancreas.
B) spleen.
**C) liver. **
D) stomach.
E) gall bladder

67
Q
  1. The hepatic sinusoids
    A) transport bile.
    B) have phagocytic cells in their lining.
    C) are part of the portal triad.
    D) connect to the gallbladder.
    E) do not have a function.
A
  1. The hepatic sinusoids
    A) transport bile.
    **B) have phagocytic cells in their lining. **
    C) are part of the portal triad.
    D) connect to the gallbladder.
    E) do not have a function.
68
Q
  1. Bile is produced by cells of the
    A) duodenum.
    B) liver.
    C) gallbladder.
    D) pancreas.
    E) hepatopancreatic ampulla
A
  1. Bile is produced by cells of the
    A) duodenum.
    B) liver.
    C) gallbladder.
    D) pancreas.
    E) hepatopancreatic ampulla
69
Q
  1. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
    A) carbohydrates.
    B) lipids.
    C) proteins.
    D) disaccharides.
    E) all of the above
A
  1. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
    A) carbohydrates.
    B) lipids.
    C) proteins.
    D) disaccharides.
    E) all of the above
70
Q
  1. The liver
    A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
    B) produces several digestive enzymes.
    C) stores vitamin C.
    D) receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein.
    E) can not synthesize new molecules.
A
  1. The liver
    A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
    B) produces several digestive enzymes.
    C) stores vitamin C.
    D) receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein.
    E) can not synthesize new molecules.
71
Q
  1. Bile secretion is
    A) performed continuously by the liver.
    B) is stimulated by sympathetic nerves.
    C) is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts.
    D) stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage.
    E) controlled by the gallbladder.
A
  1. Bile secretion is
    **A) performed continuously by the liver. **
    B) is stimulated by sympathetic nerves.
    C) is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts.
    D) stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage.
    E) controlled by the gallbladder.
72
Q
  1. Bile
    A) digests proteins in the small intestine.
    B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
    C) is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.
    D) activates trypsin in the small intestine.
    E) activates the pancreas.
A
  1. Bile
    A) digests proteins in the small intestine.
    B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
    C) is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.
    D) activates trypsin in the small intestine.
    E) activates the pancreas.
73
Q
  1. Functions of the liver include
    A) production of many blood proteins.
    B) interconversion of nutrients.
    C) detoxification of harmful chemicals.
    D) bile production.
    E) all of the above
A
  1. Functions of the liver include
    A) production of many blood proteins.
    B) interconversion of nutrients.
    C) detoxification of harmful chemicals.
    D) bile production.
    **E) all of the above **
74
Q
  1. Hepatocytes
    A) phagocytize cells.
    B) form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D.
    C) convert ammonia to urea.
    D) remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen.
    E) all of the above
A
  1. Hepatocytes
    A) phagocytize cells.
    B) form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D.
    C) convert ammonia to urea.
    D) remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen.
    **E) all of the above **
75
Q
  1. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?
    A) colon
    B) liver
    C) pancreas
    D) gallbladder
    E) spleen
A
  1. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?
    A) colon
    B) liver
    **C) pancreas **
    D) gallbladder
    E) spleen
76
Q
  1. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
  2. ascending colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
  5. transverse colon
    A) 1, 2, 3, 4
    B) 1, 4, 2, 3
    C) 2, 3, 1, 4
    D) 2, 4, 1, 3
    E) 1, 4, 3, 2
A
  1. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
  2. ascending colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
  5. transverse colon
    A) 1, 2, 3, 4
    **B) 1, 4, 2, 3 **
    C) 2, 3, 1, 4
    D) 2, 4, 1, 3
    E) 1, 4, 3, 2
77
Q
  1. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
    A) ascending colon
    B) descending colon
    C) transverse colon
    D) sigmoid colon
    E) caecum
A
  1. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
    A) ascending colon
    B) descending colon
    C) transverse colon
    **D) sigmoid colon **
    E) caecum
78
Q
  1. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
    A) ileocaecal valve.
    B) hepatic flexure.
    C) splenic flexure.
    D) cardiac sphincter.
    E) gastric flexure.
A
  1. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
    A) ileocaecal valve.
    **B) hepatic flexure. **
    C) splenic flexure.
    D) cardiac sphincter.
    E) gastric flexure.
79
Q
  1. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
    A) teniae coli.
    B) haustra.
    C) coli longitudini.
    D) epiploic appendages.
    E) rugae.
A
  1. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
    **A) teniae coli. **
    B) haustra.
    C) coli longitudini.
    D) epiploic appendages.
    E) rugae.
80
Q
  1. The major secretion of the large intestine is
    A) bile.
    B) hormones.
    C) mucus.
    D) vitamins.
    E) bacteria.
A
  1. The major secretion of the large intestine is
    A) bile.
    B) hormones.
    C) mucus.
    D) vitamins.
    E) bacteria.
81
Q
  1. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
  2. ascending colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
  5. transverse colon
    A) 1, 2, 3, 4
    B) 1, 4, 2, 3
    C) 2, 3, 1, 4
    D) 2, 4, 1, 3
    E) 1, 4, 3, 2
A
  1. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
  2. ascending colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
  5. transverse colon
    A) 1, 2, 3, 4
    **B) 1, 4, 2, 3 **
    C) 2, 3, 1, 4
    D) 2, 4, 1, 3
    E) 1, 4, 3, 2
82
Q
  1. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
    A) ascending colon
    B) descending colon
    C) transverse colon
    D) sigmoid colon
    E) cecum
A
  1. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
    A) ascending colon
    B) descending colon
    C) transverse colon
    **D) sigmoid colon **
    E) cecum
83
Q
  1. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
    A) ileocecal valve.
    B) hepatic flexure.
    C) splenic flexure.
    D) cardiac sphincter.
    E) gastric flexure.
A
  1. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
    A) ileocecal valve.
    **B) hepatic flexure. **
    C) splenic flexure.
    D) cardiac sphincter.
    E) gastric flexure.
84
Q
  1. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
    A) taeniae coli.
    B) haustra.
    C) coli longitudini.
    D) epiploic appendages.
    E) rugae.
A
  1. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
    **A) taeniae coli. **
    B) haustra.
    C) coli longitudini.
    D) epiploic appendages.
    E) rugae.
85
Q
  1. The major secretion of the large intestine is
    A) bile.
    B) hormones.
    C) mucus.
    D) vitamins.
    E) bacteria.
A
  1. The major secretion of the large intestine is
    A) bile.
    B) hormones.
    **C) mucus. **
    D) vitamins.
    E) bacteria.
86
Q
  1. The anal canal
    A) begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.
    B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
    C) contains many goblet cells.
    D) contains tubular glands called crypts.
    E) has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
A
  1. The anal canal
    A) begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.
    **B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle. **
    C) contains many goblet cells.
    D) contains tubular glands called crypts.
    E) has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
87
Q
  1. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
    A) Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.
    B) Segmentation contractions occur in this organ.
    C) Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.
    D) Mixing and propulsion of chyme.
    E) All of the above apply to the small intestine.
A
  1. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
    A) Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.
    B) Segmentation contractions occur in this organ.
    C) Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.
    D) Mixing and propulsion of chyme.
    **E) All of the above apply to the small intestine. **
88
Q
  1. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
    A) secretin.
    B) cholecystokinin.
    C) gastrin.
    D) enterokinin.
    E) insulin.
A
  1. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
    A) secretin.
    **B) cholecystokinin. **
    C) gastrin.
    D) enterokinin.
    E) insulin.
89
Q
  1. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is
    A) gastric.
    B) biliary.
    C) salivary.
    D) pancreatic.
    E) hepatic.
A
  1. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is
    A) gastric.
    B) biliary.
    C) salivary.
    **D) pancreatic. **
    E) hepatic.
90
Q
  1. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?
    A) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.
    B) Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands.
    C) Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution.
    D) Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin.
    E) Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.
A
  1. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?
    **A) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. **
    B) Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands.
    C) Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution.
    D) Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin.
    E) Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.
91
Q
  1. The mucosa of the colon
    A) contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.
    B) exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions.
    C) actively secretes sodium and chloride ions.
    D) produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion.
    E) consists of stratified columnar epithelium.
A
  1. The mucosa of the colon
    **A) contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells. **
    B) exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions.
    C) actively secretes sodium and chloride ions.
    D) produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion.
    E) consists of stratified columnar epithelium.
92
Q
  1. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to
    A) produce vitamin C.
    B) regulate the release of bile.
    C) break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin.
    D) convert chyme to faeces.
    E) absorb nutrients.
A
  1. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to
    A) produce vitamin C.
    B) regulate the release of bile.
    C) break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin.
    **D) convert chyme to faeces. **
    E) absorb nutrients.
93
Q
  1. Faeces consist of
    A) water.
    B) undigestible food.
    C) bacteria.
    D) sloughed-off epithelial cells.
    E) all of these
A
  1. Faeces consist of
    A) water.
    B) undigestible food.
    C) bacteria.
    D) sloughed-off epithelial cells.
    **E) all of these **
94
Q
  1. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that
    A) empty the stomach.
    B) release gastric secretions into the stomach.
    C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
    D) lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum.
    E) stop movement in the colon.
A
  1. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that
    A) empty the stomach.
    B) release gastric secretions into the stomach.
    C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
    D) lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum.
    E) stop movement in the colon.
95
Q
  1. Flatus is
    A) an enzyme produced by the colon.
    B) gas produced by bacteria in the colon.
    C) the solid portion of fecal material.
    D) a colic reflex.
    E) gas produced by goblet cells.
A
  1. Flatus is
    A) an enzyme produced by the colon.
    B) gas produced by bacteria in the colon.
    C) the solid portion of fecal material.
    D) a colic reflex.
    E) gas produced by goblet cells.
96
Q
  1. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called
    A) segmental contractions.
    B) churning contractions.
    C) mass movements.
    D) rectal propulsions.
    E) defaecation.
A
  1. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called
    A) segmental contractions.
    B) churning contractions.
    **C) mass movements. **
    D) rectal propulsions.
    E) defaecation.
97
Q
  1. The defaecation reflex
    A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
    B) inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon.
    C) constricts the internal anal sphincter.
    D) lasts several hours.
    E) none of the above
A
  1. The defaecation reflex
    **A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum. **
    B) inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon.
    C) constricts the internal anal sphincter.
    D) lasts several hours.
    E) none of the above
98
Q
  1. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells.
    A) sucrose
    B) fructose
    C) glucose
    D) galactose
    E) lactose
A
  1. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells.
    A) sucrose
    B) fructose
    **C) glucose **
    D) galactose
    E) lactose
99
Q
  1. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
    A) stomach and esophagus.
    B) duodenum and jejunum.
    C) ascending colon and cecum.
    D) pancreatic duct and gall bladder.
    E) ileum and transverse colon
A
  1. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
    A) stomach and esophagus.
    **B) duodenum and jejunum. **
    C) ascending colon and cecum.
    D) pancreatic duct and gall bladder.
    E) ileum and transverse colon
100
Q
  1. Emulsification
    A) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets.
    B) occurs in the gallbladder.
    C) chemically digests lipids.
    D) increases surface area for lipid digestion.
    E) involves enzymes.
A
  1. Emulsification
    A) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets.
    B) occurs in the gallbladder.
    C) chemically digests lipids.
    D) increases surface area for lipid digestion.
    E) involves enzymes.
101
Q
  1. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called
    A) chylomicrons.
    B) micelles.
    C) monoglycerides.
    D) diglycerides.
    E) lacteals.
A
  1. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called
    A) chylomicrons.
    **B) micelles. **
    C) monoglycerides.
    D) diglycerides.
    E) lacteals.
102
Q
  1. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest:
  2. dipeptide
  3. protein
  4. amino acid
  5. polypeptide
    A) 3, 1, 4, 2
    B) 4, 1, 2, 3
    C) 2, 4, 1, 3
    D) 1, 2, 3, 4
    E) 2, 4, 3, 1
A
  1. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest:
  2. dipeptide
  3. protein
  4. amino acid
  5. polypeptide
    A) 3, 1, 4, 2
    B) 4, 1, 2, 3
    **C) 2, 4, 1, 3 **
    D) 1, 2, 3, 4
    E) 2, 4, 3, 1
103
Q
  1. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated
    A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
    B) water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood.
    C) water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces.
    D) water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach.
    E) water does not move.
A
  1. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated
    **A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine. **
    B) water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood.
    C) water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces.
    D) water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach.
    E) water does not move.
104
Q
  1. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?
    A) blood supply decreases
    B) more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers
    C) enamel on teeth becomes thinner
    D) A and B
    E) A, B, C
A
  1. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?
    A) blood supply decreases
    B) more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers
    C) enamel on teeth becomes thinner
    D) A and B
    E) A, B, C
105
Q
  1. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the _________.
A
  1. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the _________.

salivary glands

106
Q

Parietal cells produce _________.

A

Parietal cells produce _________.

hydrochloric acid

107
Q
  1. Lymph nodules in the submucosa of the ileum are called _________.
A
  1. Lymph nodules in the submucosa of the ileum are called _________.

Peyer’s patches

108
Q
  1. The largest internal organ of the body is the _________.
A
  1. The largest internal organ of the body is the _________.

liver

109
Q
  1. Organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called ___________.
A
  1. Organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called ___________.

mesenteries

110
Q
  1. Cranial nerves _________ and _________ control salivary glands secretions.
A
  1. Cranial nerves _________ and _________ control salivary glands secretions.

facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

111
Q
  1. When stomach acids digest the wall of the stomach, you have a condition called an _____________.
A
  1. When stomach acids digest the wall of the stomach, you have a condition called an _____________.

ulcer

112
Q
  1. Detoxification of harmful substances in the body takes place in the _________.
A
  1. Detoxification of harmful substances in the body takes place in the _________.

liver

113
Q

Essay Question:

Explain why many people have a bowel movement shortly after a meal

A

Answer: Mass movements in the colon are very common after meals because the presence of food in the stomach initiates strong peristaltic contractions (gastrocolic reflexes) in the colon. This is a very common response about 15minutes after breakfast. These mass movements persist for 10 to 30 minutes and then stop for about half a day.

114
Q

Essay Question:

What symptoms might you expect if gallstones completely filled the gallbladder?

A

Answer: If gallstones completely fill the gallbladder, then the gallbladder can no longer be used as a reservior for bile. Should a very fatty meal be eaten, the fatty chyme would stimulate the release of cholecystokinin, which would cause the gallbladder to contract. Because of the gallstones in the gall bladder, this could cause a great deal of pain. The main symptoms of cholelithiasis (gallstones) are abdominal pain and jaundice. Heartburn, flatulence, epigastric discomfort, and food intolerances may also be present.

115
Q

Essay Question:

Explain why neither rapid empyting of the stomach nor slow emptying of the stomach is desirable

A

Answer: Rapid emptying reduces the efficiency of digestion and absorption. If the rate of emptying is too slow, the highly acidic contents of the stomach may damage the stomach wall and reduce the rate of digestion and absorption.

116
Q

Essay Question:

Relate the importance of mechanical and chemical digestion to absorption of food

A

Answer: The large food molescules must be reduced to smaller compnents in order for the nutrients to be easily absorbed by the GI tract. Both mechanical and chemical digestion reduce the size of food molecules.

117
Q

Essay Question:

What role does each of the following play in normal functioning of the gastrointestional tract?

a. parietal cells
b. constrictor muscles of pharynx
c. lower esophageal sphincter

D. gallbladder

e. gastrin
f. bile
g. tryspin
h. hepatocytes
i. gastric inhibitory peptide
j. mucus in the small intestine

A

Answers:

a. parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
b. constrictor muscles of pharynx: move bolus down pharynx
c. lower esophageal sphincter: regulates entrance of food into stomch
d. gallbladder: stores bile
e. gastrin: stimulates parietal and chief cells to increase gastric secretions
f. bile: emulsifies fats, neutralizes and dilutes acidic chyme
g. tryspin: proteolytic enzyme; activates trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
h. hepatocytes: produce bile; store gylcogen, copper, iron, vitamins A, B12, D, E and K; interconvert nutrients; hydroxylate vitamin D; detoxify substances; synthesize blood proteins
i. gastric inhibitory peptide: inhibits gastic secretion
j. mucus in the small intestine: protects intestinal wall from irrtating effects of acidic chyme and digestive enzymes

NUR154 (10 decks)

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