week 10

Question 1

1) Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

A) shortens its length.
B) recoils to its original resting length.
C) stretches beyond its normal length.
D) responds to stimulation by the nervous system.
E) excites itself.

Answer 1

1) Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

A) shortens its length.
B) recoils to its original resting length.
C) stretches beyond its normal length.
**D) responds to stimulation by the nervous system. **
E) excites itself.

Question 2

2) The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as

A) contractility.
B) excitability.
C) extensibility.
D) elasticity.
E) flexibility.

Answer 2

2) The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as

**A) contractility. **
B) excitability.
C) extensibility.
D) elasticity.
E) flexibility.

Question 3

3) Identify the statement concerning general functional characteristics of muscle that is true.

A) Muscle tissue shortens forcefully but lengthens passively.
B) Muscle tissue shortens passively but lengthens forcefully.
C) Muscle tissue can get shorter, but can not get longer.
D) Muscle tissue can get longer, but can not get shorter.
E) None of the above statements are true

Answer 3

3) Identify the statement concerning general functional characteristics of muscle that is true.

**A) Muscle tissue shortens forcefully but lengthens passively. **
B) Muscle tissue shortens passively but lengthens forcefully.
C) Muscle tissue can get shorter, but can not get longer.
D) Muscle tissue can get longer, but can not get shorter.
E) None of the above statements are true

Question 4

4) Identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true.

A) It comprises about 20% of the body’s weight.
B) It propels urine through the urinary tract.
C) Its function is largely under involuntary control.
D) It is a kind of connective tissue.
E) It is responsible for locomotion.

Answer 4

4) Identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true.

A) It comprises about 20% of the body’s weight.
B) It propels urine through the urinary tract.
C) Its function is largely under involuntary control.
D) It is a kind of connective tissue.
E) It is responsible for locomotion.

Question 5

5) Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

A) contraction of the heart
B) moving your feet in walking
C) movement of food through the G.I. tract
D) emptying of the urinary bladder
E) vasoconstriction

Answer 5

5) Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

A) contraction of the heart
**B) moving your feet in walking **
C) movement of food through the G.I. tract
D) emptying of the urinary bladder
E) vasoconstriction

Question 6

6) Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

A) are under involuntary control.
B) are striated.
C) are widely distributed in the body.
D) have multiple nuclei.
E) are under voluntary control.

Answer 6

6) Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

**A) are under involuntary control. **
B) are striated.
C) are widely distributed in the body.
D) have multiple nuclei.
E) are under voluntary control.

Question 7

7) Which of the following is true?

A) Skeletal muscle is capable of spontaneous contraction.
B) Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs.
C) Cardiac muscle cells have multiple nuclei.
D) Smooth muscle cells are long and cylindrical.
E) There is a small amount of smooth muscle in the heart.

Answer 7

7) Which of the following is true?

A) Skeletal muscle is capable of spontaneous contraction.
**B) Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs. **
C) Cardiac muscle cells have multiple nuclei.
D) Smooth muscle cells are long and cylindrical.
E) There is a small amount of smooth muscle in the heart.

Question 8

8) Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

A) number of muscle fibres.
B) size of muscle fibres.
C) number of striations.
D) number of nuclei within the muscle fibres.
E) number of muscle cells.

Answer 8

8) Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

A) number of muscle fibres.
**B) size of muscle fibres. **
C) number of striations.
D) number of nuclei within the muscle fibres.
E) number of muscle cells.

Question 9

9) Skeletal muscle fibres

A) possess striations.
B) can contract but are not extensible or excitable.
C) do not require nerve innervation to contract.
D) increase dramatically in number after birth.
E) are found in the walls of the stomach.

Answer 9

9) Skeletal muscle fibres

**A) possess striations. **
B) can contract but are not extensible or excitable.
C) do not require nerve innervation to contract.
D) increase dramatically in number after birth.
E) are found in the walls of the stomach.

Question 10

10) A fascicle (or fasciculus)

A) is a bundle of reticular fibers.
B) is surrounded by perimysium.
C) is only found in smooth muscle.
D) possesses an external lamina.
E) is a bundle of collagen fibers.

Answer 10

10) A fascicle (or fasciculus)

A) is a bundle of reticular fibers.
**B) is surrounded by perimysium. **
C) is only found in smooth muscle.
D) possesses an external lamina.
E) is a bundle of collagen fibers.

Question 11

11) Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

A) surrounds each muscle fibre.
B) forms a sheath around a fasciculus.
C) is composed of elastic fibers.
D) separates individual muscles.
E) penetrates muscle fibers.

Answer 11

11) Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

**A) surrounds each muscle fibre. **
B) forms a sheath around a fasciculus.
C) is composed of elastic fibers.
D) separates individual muscles.
E) penetrates muscle fibers.

Question 12

12) Which of the following connective tissue layers is outside all the others?
A) perimysium
B) endomysium
C) epimysium
D) paramysium
E) sarcolemma

Answer 12

12) Which of the following connective tissue layers is outside all the others?
A) perimysium
B) endomysium
**C) epimysium **
D) paramysium
E) sarcolemma

Question 13

13) List the following structures in order from smallest to largest.

1. muscle fibre
2. myofilament
3. myofibril
4. muscle fasciculus

A) 4, 2, 3, 1
B) 2, 1, 4, 3
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 2, 3, 1, 4
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Answer 13

13) List the following structures in order from smallest to largest.

1. muscle fibre
2. myofilament
3. myofibril
4. muscle fasciculus

A) 4, 2, 3, 1
B) 2, 1, 4, 3
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
**D) 2, 3, 1, 4 **
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 14

14) Muscle myofibrils

A) are found in the sarcolemma.
B) extend from the sarcolemma to the T-tubule.
C) contain myosin and actin myofilaments.
D) hold muscle cells together.
E) do not appear striated.

Answer 14

14) Muscle myofibrils

A) are found in the sarcolemma.
B) extend from the sarcolemma to the T-tubule.
**C) contain myosin and actin myofilaments. **
D) hold muscle cells together.
E) do not appear striated.

Question 15

15) T tubules

A) provide nutrients to the muscle fiber.
B) generate new muscle fibers.
C) conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell.
D) release acetylcholine.
E) store calcium ions.

Answer 15

15) T tubules

A) provide nutrients to the muscle fiber.
B) generate new muscle fibers.
**C) conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell. **
D) release acetylcholine.
E) store calcium ions.

Question 16

16) The sarcoplasmic reticulum

A) stores calcium ions.
B) shortens during muscle contraction.
C) transmits nerve impulses to the myofibrils.
D) connects adjacent sarcomeres.
E) covers the muscle fiber.

Answer 16

16) The sarcoplasmic reticulum

**A) stores calcium ions. **
B) shortens during muscle contraction.
C) transmits nerve impulses to the myofibrils.
D) connects adjacent sarcomeres.
E) covers the muscle fiber.

Question 17

17) The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

A) neuromuscular junctions.
B) sarcomeres.
C) myofilaments.
D) Z disks.
E) cell body of neuron.

Answer 17

17) The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

**A) neuromuscular junctions. **
B) sarcomeres.
C) myofilaments.
D) Z disks.
E) cell body of neuron.

Question 18

18) Electric signals called action potentials

A) cause a muscle cell to contract.
B) transfer information from cell to cell.
C) make complex mental processes possible.
D) send information to the brain.
E) all of the above

Answer 18

18) Electric signals called action potentials

A) cause a muscle cell to contract.
B) transfer information from cell to cell.
C) make complex mental processes possible.
D) send information to the brain.
**E) all of the above **

Question 19

19) Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin’s special function in muscle tissue?

A) breaks down glycogen
B) synthesizes ATP
C) acts as a reservoir for oxygen
D) produces action potentials
E) stores glucose.

Answer 19

19) Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin’s special function in muscle tissue?

A) breaks down glycogen
B) synthesizes ATP
C) acts as a reservoir for oxygen
D) produces action potentials
E) stores glucose.

Question 20

20) Body temperature

A) is raised by sweating.
B) results from the heat produced when muscles contract.
C) will increase after blood vessels in the skin constrict.
D) is lowered by shivering.
E) decreases when the rate of the chemical reactions increase.

Answer 20

20) Body temperature

A) is raised by sweating.
**B) results from the heat produced when muscles contract. **
C) will increase after blood vessels in the skin constrict.
D) is lowered by shivering.
E) decreases when the rate of the chemical reactions increase.

Question 21

21) Shivering

A) increases heat loss from the skin.
B) is a response of the nervous system to a high fever.
C) helps raise body temperature.
D) causes vasoconstriction.
E) occurs when body temperature is slightly elevated.

Answer 21

21) Shivering

A) increases heat loss from the skin.
B) is a response of the nervous system to a high fever.
**C) helps raise body temperature. **
D) causes vasoconstriction.
E) occurs when body temperature is slightly elevated.

Question 22

22) When comparing smooth and skeletal muscle cells, which of the following statements is true?

A) Smooth muscle cells have striations.
B) The myofilaments in smooth muscle do not form sarcomeres.
C) Smooth muscle cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells.
D) Smooth muscle has a lot of actin and myosin.
E) Smooth muscle cells are multinucleated.

Answer 22

22) When comparing smooth and skeletal muscle cells, which of the following statements is true?

A) Smooth muscle cells have striations.
**B) The myofilaments in smooth muscle do not form sarcomeres. **
C) Smooth muscle cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells.
D) Smooth muscle has a lot of actin and myosin.
E) Smooth muscle cells are multinucleated.

Question 23

23) Cardiac muscle

A) is found in the walls of blood vessels and in the heart.
B) is largely under voluntary control.
C) is striated.
D) contraction is dependent on stimulation by the nervous system.
E) is unaffected by hormones.

Answer 23

23) Cardiac muscle

A) is found in the walls of blood vessels and in the heart.
B) is largely under voluntary control.
**C) is striated. **
D) contraction is dependent on stimulation by the nervous system.
E) is unaffected by hormones.

Question 24

24) Smooth muscle

A) is largely under voluntary control.
B) is located in the coverings of solid organs.
C) is striated.
D) moves blood through the heart
E) is regulated by the autonomic division of the nervous system.

Answer 24

24) Smooth muscle

A) is largely under voluntary control.
B) is located in the coverings of solid organs.
C) is striated.
D) moves blood through the heart
**E) is regulated by the autonomic division of the nervous system. **

Question 25

25) Which of the following is a function of muscle tissue?

A) absorbing heat from the environment
B) storage of triglycerides
C) controlling flow of materials out of the stomach and urinary bladder
D) destabilizing body position
E) storing calcium

Answer 25

25) Which of the following is a function of muscle tissue?

A) absorbing heat from the environment
B) storage of triglycerides
**C) controlling flow of materials out of the stomach and urinary bladder **
D) destabilizing body position
E) storing calcium

Question 26

26) The ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials

A) is called electrical excitability.
B) is a property of muscle tissue.
C) is not exhibited by nervous tissue.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.

Answer 26

26) The ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials

A) is called electrical excitability.
B) is a property of muscle tissue.
C) is not exhibited by nervous tissue.
**D) A and B are correct. **
E) A, B and C are correct.

Question 27

27) The ability of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged is called

A) electrical excitability.
B) contractility.
C) extensibility.
D) irritability.
E) elasticity.

Answer 27

27) The ability of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged is called

A) electrical excitability.
B) contractility.
**C) extensibility. **
D) irritability.
E) elasticity.

Question 28

28) A muscle fibre (myofibre) is a muscle

A) contractile unit.
B) cell.
C) protein.
D) sarcomere.
E) A and B are correct.

Answer 28

28) A muscle fibre (myofibre) is a muscle

A) contractile unit.
**B) cell. **
C) protein.
D) sarcomere.
E) A and B are correct.

Question 29

29) The outermost extension of deep connective tissue that surrounds a muscle is the

A) endomysium.
B) epimysium.
C) perimysium
D) tendon.
E) aponeurosis.

Answer 29

29) The outermost extension of deep connective tissue that surrounds a muscle is the

A) endomysium.
B) epimysium.
C) perimysium
D) tendon.
E) aponeurosis.

Question 30

30) A tendon

A) attaches a muscle to a bone.
B) is an extension of the fused endomysium, perimysium and epimysium of a muscle.
C) contains parallel bundles of collagen fibers.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.

Answer 30

30) A tendon

A) attaches a muscle to a bone.
B) is an extension of the fused endomysium, perimysium and epimysium of a muscle.
C) contains parallel bundles of collagen fibers.
D) A and B are correct.
**E) A, B and C are correct. **

Question 31

31) A skeletal myofibre

A) has one centrally located nucleus.
B) is derived from embryonic cells called myoblasts.
C) retains mitotic potential even in the adult.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.

Answer 31

31) A skeletal myofibre

A) has one centrally located nucleus.
B) is derived from embryonic cells called myoblasts.
C) retains mitotic potential even in the adult.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.

Question 32

32) The sarcoplasm

A) is the extracellular fluid around a myofiber.
B) is enriched with glycogen.
C) contains hemoglobin to store O2.
D) contains few mitochondria.
E) includes many nuclei.

Answer 32

32) The sarcoplasm

A) is the extracellular fluid around a myofiber.
**B) is enriched with glycogen. **
C) contains hemoglobin to store O2.
D) contains few mitochondria.
E) includes many nuclei.

Question 33

33) The sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissue

A) stores Ca2+ ions required for muscle contraction.
B) is called rough endoplasmic reticulum in other tissues.
C) is part of the transverse tubule.
D) is a thread of protein running the length of the muscle cell.
E) removes Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm so that an action potential can be generated.

Answer 33

33) The sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissue

A) stores Ca2+ ions required for muscle contraction.
B) is called rough endoplasmic reticulum in other tissues.
C) is part of the transverse tubule.
D) is a thread of protein running the length of the muscle cell.
E) removes Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm so that an action potential can be generated.

Question 34

34) A neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A) is the synapse of a motor neuron with a muscle fibre.
B) includes the synaptic end bulbs of the muscle fibre.
C) includes the motor endplates of the motor neuron.
D) uses Na+ as a neurotransmitter.
E) All of the above are correct.

Answer 34

34) A neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

**A) is the synapse of a motor neuron with a muscle fibre. **
B) includes the synaptic end bulbs of the muscle fibre.
C) includes the motor endplates of the motor neuron.
D) uses Na+ as a neurotransmitter.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 35

35) Each of the following is true EXCEPT that:

A) a single muscle fibre is controlled by through a single neuromuscular junction.
B) a single motor neuron controls a single muscle fibre.
C) the strength of a muscle contraction depends on the number of motor units stimulated.
D) the strength of a muscle contraction depends on the size of the motor units stimulated.
E) a motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it controls.

Answer 35

35) Each of the following is true EXCEPT that:

A) a single muscle fibre is controlled by through a single neuromuscular junction.
**B) a single motor neuron controls a single muscle fibre. **
C) the strength of a muscle contraction depends on the number of motor units stimulated.
D) the strength of a muscle contraction depends on the size of the motor units stimulated.
E) a motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it controls.

Question 36

36) Cardiac muscle tissue

A) is autorhythmic.
B) contains branched cells that are connected by intercalated discs.
C) obtains Ca2+ required for contraction from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the interstitial fluid.
D) maintains contractions for longer periods of time than skeletal muscle tissue.
E) All of the above are correct.

Answer 36

36) Cardiac muscle tissue

A) is autorhythmic.
B) contains branched cells that are connected by intercalated discs.
C) obtains Ca2+ required for contraction from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the interstitial fluid.
D) maintains contractions for longer periods of time than skeletal muscle tissue.
**E) All of the above are correct. **

Question 37

37) A single motor neuron and all of the fibres it innervates is a ____________________.

Answer 37

37) A single motor neuron and all of the fibres it innervates is a ____________________.
Answer: motor unit

Question 38

38) Both skeletal and __________ muscle are striated, but only skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled.

Answer 38

38) Both skeletal and __________ muscle are striated, but only skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled.
Answer: cardiac

Question 39

39) Functions of muscle include moving the body, thermogenesis, storage and movement of materials within the body and _____________________________________________.

Answer 39

39) Functions of muscle include moving the body, thermogenesis, storage and movement of materials within the body and _____________________________________________.
Answer: stabilizing body position

Question 40

40) ________________ is a protein found in the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle cells that binds and releases O2.

Answer 40

40) ________________ is a protein found in the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle cells that binds and releases O2.

Myoglobin

Question 41

41) Muscular _____ is a wasting away of muscles that may arise from disuse or denervation.

Answer 41

41) Muscular _____ is a wasting away of muscles that may arise from disuse or denervation.

atrophy

Question 42

42) A _______________ is the functional unit of muscle contraction.

Answer 42

42) A _______________ is the functional unit of muscle contraction.

sarcomere

Question 43

43) ________________ consist of motor neurons and the muscle fibers that they control.

Answer 43

43) ________________ consist of motor neurons and the muscle fibers that they control.

Motor units

Question 44

44) Important functions of the skeletal system include

A) protection of the brain and soft organs.
B) storage of water.
C) production of Vitamin E.
D) regulation of acid-base balance.
E) integration of other systems.

Answer 44

44) Important functions of the skeletal system include

**A) protection of the brain and soft organs. **
B) storage of water.
C) production of Vitamin E.
D) regulation of acid-base balance.
E) integration of other systems.

Question 45

45) A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)

A) aponeurosis.
B) ligament.
C) bursa.
D) epimysium.
E) tendon.

Answer 45

45) A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)

A) aponeurosis.
B) ligament.
C) bursa.
D) epimysium.
**E) tendon. **

Question 46

46) Ligaments attach

A) muscle to muscle.
B) bone to bone.
C) muscle to bone.
D) nerve to bone.
E) nerve to muscle.

Answer 46

46) Ligaments attach

A) muscle to muscle.
**B) bone to bone. **
C) muscle to bone.
D) nerve to bone.
E) nerve to muscle.

Question 47

47) Chondroblasts produce

A) ligaments.
B) cartilage matrix.
C) bone tissue.
D) blood cells.
E) synovial fluid.

Answer 47

47) Chondroblasts produce

A) ligaments.
B) cartilage matrix.
C) bone tissue.
D) blood cells.
E) synovial fluid.

Question 48

48) The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

A) elastic cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) hyaline cartilage.
D) interstitial cartilage.
E) osteocartilage.

Answer 48

48) The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

A) elastic cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) hyaline cartilage.
D) interstitial cartilage.
E) osteocartilage.

Question 49

49) Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) short bone - carpal bone
B) long bone - vertebra
C) irregular bone - femur
D) flat bone - phalanges of the toes
E) short bone - humerus

Answer 49

49) Which of the following is correctly matched?

**A) short bone - carpal bone **
B) long bone - vertebra
C) irregular bone - femur
D) flat bone - phalanges of the toes
E) short bone - humerus

Question 50

50) An example of a long bone would be
A) the sternum.
B) a rib.
C) a carpal bone.
D) the tibia.
E) the clavicle.

Answer 50

50) An example of a long bone would be
A) the sternum.
B) a rib.
C) a carpal bone.
**D) the tibia. **
E) the clavicle.

Question 51

51) An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

A) epiphysis
B) epiphyseal line
C) diaphysis
D) growth plate
E) articular surface

Answer 51

51) An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

A) epiphysis
B) epiphyseal line
**C) diaphysis **
D) growth plate
E) articular surface

Question 52

52) Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?

A) perimysium
B) perichondrium
C) peritendineum
D) peritoneum
E) periosteum

Answer 52

52) Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?

A) perimysium
B) perichondrium
C) peritendineum
D) peritoneum
**E) periosteum **

Question 53

53) The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

A) osteoclast.
B) osteoblast.
C) chondrocyte.
D) osteocyte.
E) chondroblast.

Answer 53

53) The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

A) osteoclast.
B) osteoblast.
C) chondrocyte.
D) osteocyte.
E) chondroblast.

Question 54

54) Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

A) chondroclast
B) osteoclast
C) chondroblast
D) fibroblast
E) osteocyte

Answer 54

54) Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

A) chondroclast
**B) osteoclast **
C) chondroblast
D) fibroblast
E) osteocyte

Question 55

55) The primary function of osteoblasts is to

A) prevent osteocytes from forming.
B) resorb bone along the epiphyseal plate.
C) inhibit the growth of bone.
D) stimulate bone growth.
E) lay down bone matrix.

Answer 55

55) The primary function of osteoblasts is to

A) prevent osteocytes from forming.
B) resorb bone along the epiphyseal plate.
C) inhibit the growth of bone.
D) stimulate bone growth.
**E) lay down bone matrix. **

Question 56

56) Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) osteocytes - function in bone remodeling
B) osteoclasts – responsible for resorption
C) osteoblasts - break down bone tissue
D) endosteum - lines central canal of the osteon
E) periosteum – lines the medullary cavity

Answer 56

56) Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) osteocytes - function in bone remodeling
B) osteoclasts – responsible for resorption
C) osteoblasts - break down bone tissue
D) endosteum - lines central canal of the osteon
E) periosteum – lines the medullary cavity

Question 57

57) Cancellous bone tissue

A) is very dense.
B) contains concentric lamellae.
C) contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.
D) has many spaces and lacks osteocytes.
E) is the primary component of compact bone.

Answer 57

57) Cancellous bone tissue

A) is very dense.
B) contains concentric lamellae.
C) contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.
D) has many spaces and lacks osteocytes.
E) is the primary component of compact bone.

Question 58

58) Haversian systems or osteons

A) are found in spongy bone tissue.
B) lack concentric lamellae.
C) are the basic units in compact bone tissue.
D) do not contain osteocytes.
E) are avascular.

Answer 58

58) Haversian systems or osteons

A) are found in spongy bone tissue.
B) lack concentric lamellae.
**C) are the basic units in compact bone tissue. **
D) do not contain osteocytes.
E) are avascular.

Question 59

59) The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is

A) circumferential.
B) concentric.
C) interstitial.
D) appositional.
E) oppositional.

Answer 59

59) The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is

A) circumferential.
**B) concentric. **
C) interstitial.
D) appositional.
E) oppositional.

Question 60

60) Lamellar bone

A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.

Answer 60

60) Lamellar bone

A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
**C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue. **
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.

Question 61

61) You would look for concentric lamellae

A) around the central canal of an osteon.
B) in between osteons.
C) on the outer surface of compact bone tissues.
D) as components of the cartilage.
E) in the bone marrow.

Answer 61

61) You would look for concentric lamellae

**A) around the central canal of an osteon. **
B) in between osteons.
C) on the outer surface of compact bone tissues.
D) as components of the cartilage.
E) in the bone marrow.

Question 62

62) Long bones grow in length at the

A) epiphyseal plate.
B) articular cartilage.
C) center of the shaft.
D) endosteum-periosteum junction.
E) in the center of the epiphysis.

Answer 62

62) Long bones grow in length at the

**A) epiphyseal plate. **
B) articular cartilage.
C) center of the shaft.
D) endosteum-periosteum junction.
E) in the center of the epiphysis.

Question 63

63) The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

A) chondroblasts take over mitosis of osteoblasts.
B) the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.
C) the epiphysis becomes separated from the diaphysis.
D) the bone marrow forms.
E) the periosteum is completed.

Answer 63

63) The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

A) chondroblasts take over mitosis of osteoblasts.
B) the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.
C) the epiphysis becomes separated from the diaphysis.
D) the bone marrow forms.
E) the periosteum is completed.

Question 64

64) Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?

A) Bone remodeling involves removal of old bone by osteoblasts.
B) As a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases.
C) The rate of bone remodeling increases in the elderly.
D) Exposure of a bone to increased stress can lead to bone remodeling.
E) Bone remodeling does not involve the activity of the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts.

Answer 64

64) Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?

A) Bone remodeling involves removal of old bone by osteoblasts.
B) As a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases.
C) The rate of bone remodeling increases in the elderly.
**D) Exposure of a bone to increased stress can lead to bone remodeling. **
E) Bone remodeling does not involve the activity of the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts.

Question 65

65) The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

A) osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
B) osteoclast and osteocyte activity.
C) chondroblast and osteoclast activity.
D) chondrocyte and osteocyte activity.
E) fibroblast and chondroblast.

Answer 65

65) The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

**A) osteoblast and osteoclast activity. **
B) osteoclast and osteocyte activity.
C) chondroblast and osteoclast activity.
D) chondrocyte and osteocyte activity.
E) fibroblast and chondroblast.

Question 66

66) Bone remodeling may occur

A) as bones grow.
B) as bones adjust to stress.
C) as fractures heal.
D) constantly during a person’s lifetime.
E) all of the above

Answer 66

66) Bone remodeling may occur

A) as bones grow.
B) as bones adjust to stress.
C) as fractures heal.
D) constantly during a person’s lifetime.
**E) all of the above **

Question 67

67) Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

A) Parathyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast activity.
B) When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.
C) Increased osteoblast activity increases blood calcium levels.
D) Parathyroid hormone increases calcium loss from the kidney.
E) Calcitonin elevates blood calcium levels.

Answer 67

67) Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

A) Parathyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast activity.
**B) When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases. **
C) Increased osteoblast activity increases blood calcium levels.
D) Parathyroid hormone increases calcium loss from the kidney.
E) Calcitonin elevates blood calcium levels.

Question 68

68) What does structure “A” represent on the bone diagram?

A) cancellous bone
B) diaphysis
C) epiphyseal lines
D) articular cartilage
E) epiphysis

Answer 68

68) What does structure “A” represent on the bone diagram?

A) cancellous bone
B) diaphysis
C) epiphyseal lines
D) articular cartilage
E) epiphysis

Question 69

69) What does structure “B” represent on the bone diagram?

A) cancellous bone
B) diaphysis
C) epiphyseal lines
D) articular cartilage
E) epiphysis

Answer 69

69) What does structure “B” represent on the bone diagram?

A) cancellous bone
B) diaphysis
C) epiphyseal lines
D) articular cartilage
E) epiphysis

Question 70

70) What does structure “C” represent on the bone diagram?

A. cancellous bone

B. diaphysis

C. epiphyseal lines

D. articular cartilage

E. epiphysis

Answer 70

C. epiphyseal lines

Question 71

71) What does structure D represent on the bone diagram?

A. cancellous bone

B. diaphysis

C. epiphyseal lines

D. articular cartliage

E. epiphysis

Answer 71

A. cancellous bone

Question 72

72) What does structure E represent on the bone diagram?

A. cancellous bone

B. diaphysis

C. epiphyseal lines

D. articular cartliage

E. epiphysis

Answer 72

B. diaphysis

Question 73

73) The humerus is an example of a _____ bone

A. long

B. short

C. flat

D. irregular

E. sesamoid

Answer 73

A. long

Question 74

74) The ankle bones are examlpes of ____ bones

A. long

B. short

C. flat

D. irregular

E. sesamoid

Answer 74

B. short

Question 75

75) The sternum is an example of a _____ bone

A. long

B. short

C. flat

D. irregular

E. sesamoid

Answer 75

C. flat

Question 76

76) The vertebrae are examples of _____ bones

A. long

B. short

C. flat

D. irregular

E. sesamoid

Answer 76

D. irregular

Question 77

77) Mature bone cells are called

A. osteocytes

B. osteoblasts

C. osteoclasts

D. chondrocytes

E. osteons

Answer 77

A. osteocytes

Question 78

78) Cells that synthesize the organic components of the bone matrix are called

A. osteocytes

B. osteoprogenitor cells

C. osteoblasts

D. osteoclasts

E. chondrocytes

Answer 78

C. osteoblasts

Question 79

79) Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are called

A. osteocytes

B. osteoprogenitor cells

C. osteoblasts

D. osteoclasts

E. chondrocytes

Answer 79

D. osteocclasts

Question 80

80) In the process of osteolysis

A. new bone is formed

B. an organic framework is formed

C. the bony matrix is disolved to release the stored minerals

D. osteoblasts form the osteoid that is later calcified

E. fractured bones repair themselves

Answer 80

C. the bony matrix is dissolved to release the stored minerals

Question 81

81) Bone contains all of the following except

A. calcium phosphate

B. collagen fibers

C. calcium carbonate

D. chondroitin sulfate

E. hydroxyapatite

Answer 81

D. chondroitin sulfate

Question 82

82) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

A. lamellae

B. lacunae

C. canaliculi

D. marrow cavities

E. matrices

Answer 82

C. canaliculi

Question 83

83) The central canal of an osteon contains

A. bone marrow

B. osteocytes

C. concentric lamellae

D. blood vessels

E. lacunae

Answer 83

D. blood vessels

Question 84

84) The tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone are called

A. osteons

B. trabeculae

C. concentric lamellae

D. interstitial lamellae

E. lacunae

Answer 84

B. trabeculae

Question 85

85) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from a limited range of directions is ______ bone

A. spongy

B. trabecular

C. compact

D. lamellar

E. irregular

Answer 85

C. compact

Question 86

86) The medullary cavity of bones contains

A. compact bone

B. osteons

C. cartliage

D. marrow

E. periosteum

Answer 86

D. marrow

Question 87

87) The shaft of a long bone is called the

A. epiphysis

B. diaphysis

C. epiphyseal plate

D. metaphysis

E. lamella

Answer 87

B. diaphysis

Question 88

88) The lining of the marrow cavity iscalled the

A. endosteum

B. periosteum

C. epimysium

D. perimysium

E. perichondrium

Answer 88

A. endosteum

Question 89

89) Calcification refers to the

A. formation of new bone tissue

B. deposition of calcium salts within a tissue

C. deposition of calcium salts within a bone

D. release of calcium from a bone

E. repair of fractured bone

Answer 89

B. depostion of calcium salts within a tissue

Question 90

90) Excess growth hormone prior to puberty would result in

A. osteoporosis

B. osteopenia

C. rickets

D. giantism

E. dwarfism

Answer 90

D. giantism

Question 91

91) A lack of exercise would

A. cause bones to become thicker

B. cause bones to store more calcium

C. result in thin and brittle bones

D. increase the length of a bone

E. have no effect on a bone

Answer 91

C. result in thin and brittle bones

Question 92

92) When stress is applied to a bone

A. the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts

B. osteoclast activity increase

C. the bone becomes thin and brittle

D. the bone compensates by beciming thinner in the region of stress

E. trabesulae are formed perpendicular to the zone of stress to increase strength

Answer 92

A. the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts

Question 93

93) A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is

A. osteopenia

B. osteoporosis

C. osteomyelitis

D. osteoitis

E. osteomalacia

Answer 93

B. osteoporosis

Question 94

95) ______ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin

A. open

B. closed

C. compound

D. recurrent

E. both B and D

Answer 94

B. closed

Question 95

96) Bones that develop within tendons are called _____ bones

A. irregular

B. sesamoid

C. sutural

D. wormian

E. tendon

Answer 95

B. sesamoid

Question 96

97) Small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between some of the large flat bones of the skull are called _____ bones

A. irregular

B. sesamoid

C. sutural

D. sagittal

E. tendon

Answer 96

C. sutural

Question 97

98) The basic functional units of mature compact bone are called

A. lacunae

B. osteocytes

C. osteons

D. canaliculi

E. lamellae

Answer 97

C. osteons

Question 98

99) The depostion of calcium salts in tissues other than bone is referred to as

A. endochondral ossification

B. intramembranous ossification

C. calcification

D. osteogenesis

E. remodeling

Answer 98

C. calcification

Question 99

100) _____ bones develop inside tendons and are most commonly located near joints at the knees, the hands and the feet

A. irregular

B. sesamoid

C. short

D. long

E. flat

Answer 99

B. sesamoid

Question 100

101) The patella is an example of a ____ bone

A. long

B. short

C. flat

D. irregular

E. sesamoid

Answer 100

E. sesamoid

Question 101

102) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

A. distal

B. anterior

C. parallel

D. proximal

E. posterior

Answer 101

C. parallel

Question 102

103) _____ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone

A. bone

B. yellow

C. white

D. grey

E. red

Answer 102

E. red

Question 103

104) The lacunae of bone contains

A. blood cells

B. osteocytes

C. chondroblasts

D. bone marrow

E. osteons

Answer 103

B. osteocytes

Question 104

105) How would increasing the proportion of organic molecules to inorganic components in the bony matrix affect the physical characteristics of bone?

A. the bone would be less flexible

B. the bones would be stronger

C. the bones would be more brittle

D. the bones would be more flexible

E. the bones would be less compressible

Answer 104

D. the bones would be more flexible

Question 105

106) In compact bone, the osteons

A. are lined up in the same direction

B. are lined up perpendicular to the long axis

C,. are arreanged in an irregular pattern

D. are seperated by medullary spaces

E. are lacking in the diaphysis

Answer 105

A. are lined up in the same direction

Question 106

107) The trabeculae of spongy bone

A. are organised parallel to the long axis of the bone

B. are organised along stress lines

C. are compsed mostly of cartliage

D. will collapse under stress

E. are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis

Answer 106

B. are organised along stress lines

Question 107

108) If the rate of osteolysis exceeds osteogenesis, bones will

A. grow

B. become thicker

C. become demineralized

D. become stronger

E. become calcified

Answer 107

C. become demineralised

Question 108

109) When the epiphyseal plate is replace by bone,

A. puberty begins

B. interstitial bone growth begins

C. appisitional bone growth begins

D. long bones have reached their adult length

E. the bone becomes more brittle

Answer 108

D. long bones have reached their adult length

Question 109

110) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposute side, bones

A. grow longer

B. grow wider

C. become shorter

D. become more porous and weaker

E. become thicker

Answer 109

A. grow longer

Question 110

111) In normal adult bones

A. there is no turnover of minerals

B. a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year

C. osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast actvity, once bone has been formed

D. osteoclasts continue to be active long adter osteoblast activity ceases

E. stress will have no effect on the thickness of bone

Answer 110

B. a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year

Question 111

112) _____ bones reduces the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones

A. short

B. irregular

C. spongy

D. sesamoid

E. long

Answer 111

C. spongy

Question 112

113) The most abundant mineral in the body is

A. potassium

B. iron

C. phosphorus

D. calcium

D. sodium

Answer 112

D. calcium

Question 113

The shaft of long bones is called the _____

Answer 113

diaphysis

Question 114

The head of a long bone is called the ______

Answer 114

epiphysis

Question 115

The _______ is the organic component of the bone matrix

Answer 115

osteoid

Question 116

Blood is ditributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals by means of ______ _______

Answer 116

perforating canals

Question 117

The region of a long bone where the epiphysos meets the diaphysis is known as the ________

Answer 117

metaphysis

Question 118

_________ _________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints

Answer 118

Articular cartilage

Question 119

During the process of ____, an existing tissue is replaced by bone

Answer 119

ossification

Question 120

The process of depositing calcium into a tissue called _________

Answer 120

calcification

Question 121

Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a(n) _________

Answer 121

fracture

Question 122

The adult skeleton contains ____ major bones

Answer 122

206

Question 123

______ ______ are remarkably stronger then steel

Answer 123

Collagen fibers

Question 124

_________ cells remove and recycle bone matrix

Answer 124

Osteoclast

Question 125

The matrix in spongy bone forms struts and plates called ________

Answer 125

trabeculae