week 13 Flashcards
- Why are the testes located outside the abdomen?
- Why are the testes located outside the abdomen?
to maintain temp at approx 34 degrees for production of viable sperm
- Name two muscles involved with testes movement and where is each located?
- Name two muscles involved with testes movement and where is each located?
cremaster – within spermatic cord
dartos – within skin of scrotum
- Where are sperm produced?
and where do they mature?
- Where are sperm produced? in seminiferous tubules within the testes
and where do they mature? within the epididymis
- Fill in the gaps, ____________, secondary spermatocyte, _________, immature spermatozoa.
- Fill in the gaps, ___primary spermatocyte_________, secondary spermatocyte, __spermatid_______, immature spermatozoa.
- Name the three accessory glands associated with the male reproductive ducts and state at least one function for each:
- Name the three accessory glands associated with the male reproductive ducts and state at least one function for each:
- *i. ** seminal vescicle – production of fructose – energy source for sperm motility _60% of vol
- *ii. ** prostate gland – slightly acidic, seminal plasmin (antibiotic); 30% of volume
- *iii.** bulbourethral gland – alkaline mucus to neutralise urine remaining in urethra
- In your own words explain what you understand by the terms:
Corpus spongiosum
Corpus cavernosum
- In your own words explain what you understand by the terms:
Corpus spongiosum single mass of erectile tissue surrounding the penile urethra; more slender than CS; expands to form the glans penis
Corpus cavernosum two cylindrical masses of erectile tissue under the anterior surface of the flaccid penis (has larger blood spaces)
- Describe two primary functions of the testes. production of spermatozoa;
- Describe two primary functions of the testes. production of spermatozoa;
production of testosterone by the interstitial cells (of Leydig)
- The temperature required for optimum sperm formation is 34oC but the normal body temperature is 37oC. How is this achieved?
- The temperature required for optimum sperm formation is 34oC but the normal body temperature is 37oC. How is this achieved?
Contraction and relaxation of the cremaster muscles in response to_local temperature variations (contract & tighten if cold, drawing testes closer to the body)
- Sperm spend 1-3 weeks in the epididymis. If the sperm are not used/removed, what happens to them?
- Sperm spend 1-3 weeks in the epididymis. If the sperm are not used/removed, what happens to them?
**they are destroyed **
- State two functions of the ovaries.
- State two functions of the ovaries.
Production of ova;
**production of female hormones (oestrogens and progestins) **
- Describe the location of the uterus.
- Describe the location of the uterus.
Within the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum
- How are the uterine tubes adapted to their functions?
- How are the uterine tubes adapted to their functions?
Infundibulum and fimbriae have shape and epithelial cells with cilia that draw ovum into the lumen of the tube. Epithelium of the isthmus also has cilia and underlying smooth muscle contracts in peristaltis to move ovum toward the uterus.
- Define corpus luteum and state its function.
- Define corpus luteum and state its function.
The remnant of the tertiary follicle (after ovulation); functions to produce progestins that prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
- What is the result of mitosis?
- What is the result of mitosis?
Identical Daughter cells
- Name two types of cells in the body where mitosis is frequently occurring.
Red bone marrow, GI tract & hair
- At what stage does DNA replication occur?
- At what stage does DNA replication occur?
S phaser of interphase
- Describe the roles of the male in the reproductive process. Incorporate in your
answer the function of the structures previously listed.
- Describe the roles of the male in the reproductive process. Incorporate in your
answer the function of the structures previously listed.
- *Not as much as the female
(1) To produce gametes (sperm)
(2) To transfer gametes to female**
- Describe the anatomical boundaries of the area known as the perineum. What are meant by the urogenital triangle and anal triangle?
- Describe the anatomical boundaries of the area known as the perineum. What are meant by the urogenital triangle and anal triangle?
The diamond shaped perineum extends from the pubic arch to the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity each side and back to the pubic arch. These bony landmarks are easily palpated.
The diamond is broken into two triangles by a line drawn between the ischial tuberosities.
- List the layers found in the wall of the uterus.
- List the layers found in the wall of the uterus.
Endometrium - Stratum (functionale, basale) / Epithelium
Myometrium / smooth muscle
Perimetrium - Serosa / CT
- For oocytes, at what stage is meiosis completed?
- For oocytes, at what stage is meiosis completed?
fertilisation
- How many gametes are formed from each primary oocyte? What is the reason for
this? What is the origin of the polar bodies?
- How many gametes are formed from each primary oocyte? What is the reason for
this? What is the origin of the polar bodies?
Only 1. All the cytoplasm goes to 1 ovum. Polar bodies contain the ‘unused’ chromosomes
- The sex of the child is fixed at the moment of fertilisation. What is it that determines this?
- The sex of the child is fixed at the moment of fertilisation. What is it that determines this?
X or Y chromosome from father.
- How is multiple fertilisation generally prevented?
- How is multiple fertilisation generally prevented?
**Zone pellucida forms a ‘fertilisation membrane’ around ovum -
prevents subsequent fertilisation/subsequent sperm entering
**
- What part does each of these cell types play in the process of spermatogenesis?
- What part does each of these cell types play in the process of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia Spermatogonia - “stock” cells on basement membrane
- How many spermatozoa are formed from each primary spermatocyte?
- How many spermatozoa are formed from each primary spermatocyte? 4
The reproductive system
A. produces gamtes
B. stores and transports gametes
C. nourishes gametes
D. all of the above
E. A and B only
D. all of the above
The reproductive system includes
A. gonads and external genitalia
B. ducts that recieve and transport the gametes
C. accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids
D. all of the above
E. B and C only
D. all of the above
The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the
A. vagina
B. uterine tube
C. ovary
D. uterus
E. cervix
D. uterus
Which is the function of the ovaries
A. secretion of hormones
B. production of oocytes
C. formation of immature gametes
D. secretion of inhibin
E. all of the above
E. all of the above
The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the
A. uterosacral ligament
B. vagina
C. uterine tube
D. infundibulum
E. myometrium
C. uterine tube
The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the
A. isthmus
B. fornix
C. fundus
D. body
E. cervix
E. cervix
The muscular layer of the uterus is the
A. endometrium
B. perimetrium
C. myometrium
D. uterometrium
E. sarcometrium
C. mymoterium
Each of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true excepts that,
A. at the time of birth the ovaries contain only primary oocytes
B. ova develop from the stem cells called oogonia
C. an ovum will only complete meiosis if it is fertilised
D. oogensis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause
E. the first meiotic division is completed just prior to ovulation
D. oogenisis occurs continously from puberty until menopause.
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers.
A. follicle maturation
B. menstration
C. ovulation
D. menopause
E. atresia
C. ovulation
A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for
A. follicle maturation
B. menstruation
C. Ovulation
D. menopause
E. atresia
A. follicle maturation
The average length of a menstrual cycle is
A. 10 days
B. 14 days
C. 21 days
D. 28 days
E. 35 days
D. 28 days
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
A. ovulation occurs
B. a new functional layer is formed in the uterus
C. secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium
D. the old functional layer is sloughed off
E. the corpus luteum is formed
B. a new functional layer is formed in the uterus
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
A. ovulation occurs
B. a new uterine lining is formed
C. glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion
D. the old functional layer is sloughed off
E. the corpus lutem is formed
C. glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion
During menses
A. ovulation occurs
B. a new uterine lining is formed
C. secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium
D. the old functional layer is sloughed off
E. the corpus luteum is formed
D. the old functional layer is sloughed off
All of the following are true of the vagina except that is
A. serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
B. recieves the penis during coitus
C. holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus
D. forms the lower portion of the birth canal
E. loses a portion of its lining during menstrual flow
E. loses a portion of its lining furing menstrual flow
The vagina is
A. a central space surrounded by the labia minora
B. the innner lining of the uterus
C. the inferior portion of the uterus
D. a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia
E. a tube that carries ova from the overy to the uterus
D. a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia
The vulva includes all of the following except that
A. mons pubis
B. formix
C. labia minora
D. clitoris
E. labia majora
B. formix
In the mammary gland, milk production occurs in the
A. lobes
B. lobules
C. lactiferous duct
D. lactiferous sinus
E. lactiferous adipose tissue
B. lobules
The central space bounded by the labia minora is the
A. formix
B. vestibule
C. hymen
D. clitoris
E. isthmus
B. vestibule
Fleshy folds that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibular structures is (are) the
A. fornices
B. ampullae
C. labia majora
D. mons pubis
E. hymen
C. labia majora
The clitoris is
A. a thin epithelial fold that partially or completely blocks the entrance to the vagina
B. a fleshy fold that encircles the vestibule
C. a mound of fat that is superior to the pubis
D. a mass of erecticle tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora
E. a shallow recess that surrounds the cervical portion of the vagina
D. a mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora
The generally dark, pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is
A. clitoris
B. fornix
C. zona pellucida
D. hymen
E. areola
E. areola
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
A. LH
B. FSH
C. progesterone
D. estradiol
E. estrogen
C. progesterone
Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of
A. FSH
B. LH
C. relaxin
D. estrogen and progesterone
E. human chorionic gonadotropin
D, estrogen and progestrone
The developing follicle cells secrete
A. estrogen
B. progestrone
C. FSH
D. LH
E. GnRH
A. estrogen
The hormone estradiol does all of the following except that it
A. stimulates bone and muscle growth
B. maintains female secondary sex characteristics
C. stimulates the symptoms of menopause
D. maintains functional accessory reproductive glands and organs
E. initiates repaid and growth of the endometrium
C. stimulates the symptoms of menopause
All of the following occur at puberty in both sexes except that
A. levels of FSH increase while levels of LH decrease
B. gametogenesis begins
C. secondary sex characteristics begin to appear
D. a sex drive develops
E. both A and B
A. levels of FSH increase while levels of LH decrease
At menopause all of the following occur except that
A. menstrual cycles cease
B. ovarian cycles cease
C. the ovaries swell
D. depression may set in
E. “hot flashes” may occur
C. the ovaries swell
The _______ is the inferior portion of the uterus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina
A. body
B. cervix
C. myomertrium
D. fundus
E. internal os
B. cervix
Which portion of the uterine tube is closest to the ovary?
A. ampulla
B. anterior segment
C. infundibulum
D. posterior segment
E. isthmus
C. infundibulum
The ______ is the rounded portion of the uterine body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes
A. body
B. cervix
C. myometrium
D. fundus
E. internal os
D. fundus
Oogenesis
A. begins after puberty
B. is completed only after the secondary oocyte has been fertilised
C. produces four viable secondary oocytes from each oogonium
D. is inhibited by FSH
E. produces diploid gametes
B. is completed only after the seconday oocyte has been fertilised
Which portion of the uterine tube increases in size as the tubule approaches the uterus?
A. ampulla
B. anterior segment
C. infundibulum
D. posterior segment
E.isthmus
A. ampulla
Somatic cells contain ______ chromosomes
A. 23 pairs of
B. 19
C. 46
D. 21
E. both A and C
E. both A and C
The segment of the uterine tube that connects to the uterine wall is the
A. ampulla
B. anterior
C. infundibulum
D. posterior
E. isthmus
E. isthmus
The ovarian follicles are specialised structures found in the
A. cortex
B. ovarian follicles
C. primordial follicle
D. ovarian cycle
E. follicle cells
A. cortex
The ovary is about ______cm long
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
E. 5
Perineal structures associated with the reproductive system are collectively known as
A. gonads
B. sex gametes
C. external genitalia
D. accessory glands
E. labia
C. external genitalia
The completion of meiosis in males produces four spermatids each containing
A. 23 chromosomes
B. 23 pairs of chromosomes
C. the diploid number of chromosomes
D. 46 pairs of chromosomes
E. 46 chromosomes
A. 23 chromosomes
A sample of female blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of pregesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin , and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing _____ of the uterine cycle
A. the proliferative phase
B. menses
C. the secretory phase
D. menarche
E.menopause
C. the secretory phase
If the cells in the neurohypophysis that produce oxytocin are blocked from secreting the hormone during lactation,
A. the mammary glands will not produce milk
B. milk will not be ejected into the lactiferous sinuses
C. the mammary glands will get smaller
D. the mammary glands will produce only colostrum
E. menstruation will occur
B. milk will not be ejected into the lactiferous sinuses
If the ovaries were removed from an otherwise healthy 20yr old female which of the following would you not expect to see?
A. decreased blood levels of GnRH
B. decreased blood levels of FSH
C. decreased blood levels of LH
D. incrase in menstruation
E. both B and C
D. increase in menstruation
Salle is a avid jogger and she trains increasingly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. You would expect Sally to
A. have heavy menstrual flows
B. double ovulate
C. be amenorrheic
D. have painful menstrual cramps
E. show elevated levels of FSH
C. be amenorrheic
Straight tubules originate at the semiinferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the
A. epididymis
B. ductus deferens
C. rete testis
D. efferent ducts
E. ejaculatory ducts
C. rete testis
The spermatic cord is
A. a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lympthatics that serve the testis
B. a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity
C. the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum
D. a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac
E. a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis
A. a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lympphatics that serve the testis.
Interstitial cells produce
A. sperm
B. inhibin
C. nutrients
D. androgens
E. androgen-binding protein
D. androgens
The sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except that they
A. maintain the blood-testis barrier
B. support spermiogenesis
C. secrete inhibin
D. secrete tertosterone
E. secrete androgen-binding protein
D. secrete testosterone
Sperm production occurs in the
A. ductus deferens
B. seminiferous tubules
C. epididymis
D. seminal vesicles
E. rete testis
B. seminiferous tubules
Sperm develop from stem cells called
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. secondary Spermatocytes
D. spermatids
E. spermatozoa
A. spermatongonia
As developing sperm cells begin the process of meiosis they become
A. spermatognia
B. spermatocytes
C. spermatids
D. spermatozoons
E. sertoli cells
B. spermatocytes
The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. secondary spermatocytes
D. spermatids
E. spermatozoa
D. spermatids
The process of spermiogenesis produces
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. secondary spermatocytes
D. spermatids
E. spermatozoons
E. spermatozoons
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by
A. hydrosatic force
B. ciliary actions
C. peristaltic contractions
D. suction
E. segmental movements
C. peristaltic contractions
The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract.
- ductus deferens
- urethra
- ejaculatory duct
- epididymis
The order in which the sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is
A. 1,3,4,2
B. 4,3,1,2
C. 4,1,2,3
D. 4,1,3,2
E. 1,4,3,2
D. 4,1,3,2
The structures that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa and is the site of sperm maturation is the
A. ductus deferens
B. rete testis
C. seminal vesicle
D. epididymis
E. prostate gland
D. epididymis
The structure that carries the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the
A. ductus deferens
B. epididymis
C. seminal vesicle
D. ejaculatory duct
E. corpus cavernosum
A. ductus deferens
The tubular structure that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins and fibrinogen is the
A. prostate gland
B. bulbourethral gland
C. seminal vesicle
D. corpus cavenosum
E. preputial gland
C. seminal vesicle
The structue that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the
A. seminal vesicle
B. bulbourethral gland
C. prostate gland
D. preputial gland
E. Bartholins gland
C. prostate gland
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the
A. seminal vesicles
B. prostate glands
C. preputial glands
D. Bartholins glands
E. bulbourethral glands
E. bulbourethral glands
Semen contains all of the following except
A. spermatozoons
B. seminal fluids
C. prostaglandins
D. spermatocytes
E. enzymes
D. spermatocytes
The male organ of copulation is the
A. urethra
B. ejaculatory duct
C. penis
D. corpus cavernosum
E. corpus spongiosum
C. penis
The fold of the skin that covers the glans penis is the
A. ejaculatory duct
B. prepuce
C. corpus cavernosum
D. corpus spongiosum
E. penile urethra
B. prepuce
The portion of the penis that surrounds the external urtheral meatus is the
A. prepuce
B. glans
C. corpus spongiosum
D. corpus cavernosum
E. corona glandis
B. glans
The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the
A. membranous urthera
B. penile urthera
C. glans penis
D. corpus spongiosum
E. corpus cavernosum
D. corpus spongiosum
The erectile tissue that is located on the anterior surface of the flaccid penis is the
A. membranous urethra
B. penile urethra
C. corpus spongiosum
D. corpora cavernosa
E. prepuce
D. corpora cavernosa
The scrotum is
A. the male organ of copulation
B. the site of sperm production
C. erectile tissue of the penis
D. a fleshy pouch sspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus
E. superior to the glans penis
D. a fleshy puch suspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus
The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to
A. stimulate the intersitiual cells to produce testostorone
B. stimulate the sustentacular cells to produce inhibin
C. initiate sperm production in the testes
D. develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics
E. influenece sexual behaviours and sex drive
C. initiate sperm production in the testes
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitual cells to secrete testosterone is
A. FSH
B. LH
C. ACTH
D. ADH
E. GH
B. LH
Emission
A. occurs under parasympathetic stimulation
B. begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla
C. is responsible for propelling spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract
D. involves contractions of the ischiocavernosus muscle
E. both C and D
B. begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla
Contractions of the ischiocavenous and bulbacavernous muscles result in
A. erection
B. emission
C. ejaculation
D. detumescence
E. orgasm
C. detumescence
For erection and ejaculation to occur
A. there must be sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure
B. the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the nervous system must be properly functioning
C. the urinary sphincters must be open
D. all of the above
E. A and B only
E. A and B only
The developing male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?
A. muscular
B. urinary
C. endocrine
D. digestive
E. integumentary
B. urinary
Which of the following can be found inside the spermatic cord?
A. spermatic vessels
B. nerves
C. lymphatic vessels
D. ductus defrens
E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which muscle draws the scrotal sac close to the body to control scrotal temperature?
A. dartos
B. inguinal
C. cremaster
D. ductus
E. parietal
C. cremaster
During which stage of spermatogenesis do the cells begin meiosis?
A. spermatogoina
B. primary
C. first
D. secondary
E. third
B. primary
During which stage of spermatogenesis are daughter cells produced?
A. spermatogonia
B. primary
C. first
D. secondary
E. third
A. spermatogonia
Which of the following occurs in mitosis?
A. physically mature spermatozoa appear
B. fusion of nuclei occurs
C. one daughter cell from each division is pushed towards the seminiferous tubule
D. gamete production results
E. major changes in spermatids occur
C. one daughter cell from each division is pushed towards the seminiferous tubule
Sustentacular cells contain or function in all of the following except
A. secretions of MIF
B. progesterone-binding protein
C. spermiogenesis
D. supporting meiosis
E. serving as a blood-testis barrier
B. progesterone-binding protein
The ductus deferens is approx _____cm long
A. 17
B. 50
C. 43
D. 5
E. 10
C. 43
Seminal fluids contain all of the following except
A. prostaglandins
B. protein
C. fructose
D. sperm
E. fibrinogen
B. protein
A typical ejaculation releases approx ______ sperm
A. 1 million
B. 300 million
C. 100,000
D. 500 billion
E. 1 billion
B. 300 million
Testosterone and other androgens are secreted by the
A. hypothalamus
B. anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
C. sustentacular cells
D. interstitual cells
E. hypophysis
D. interstitual cells
Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find mature spermatozoa?
A. in the seminiferous tubules
B. in the epididymis
C. traveling the ductus defrens and ejaculatory duct
D. in the seminal vesicles
E. in the uterine tubes
C. traveling the ductus and ejaculatory duct
Contraction of the cremaster muscle
A. causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac
B. produces an erection
C. propels sperm through the urethra
D. moves sperm through the ductus defrens
E. moves the testis \closer to the body cavitiy
E. moves the testis closer to the body cavitity
Contraction of the dartos muscle
A. causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac
B. produces an erection
C. propels sperm through the urethra
D. moves sperm through the ductus defrens
E. moves the testis closer to the body cavitiy
A. causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac
Major functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except
A. production of spermatozoa
B. providing nutrients spermatozoa need for motility
C. propelling spermatozoa and fluids along the reprodctuive tract
D. producing buffers
E. activiating the spermatozoa
A. production of spermatozoa
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituiitary such that FSH is no longer released but ICSH (LH) is normal. After the individual grows to maturity one would expect that he would
A. not develop secondary sex characteristics
B. be sterile
C. be impotent
D. have impaired function of the interstitual cells
E. produce large amounts of inhibin
B. be sterile
Long term compression of the spermatic artery and vein could result in all of the following except
A. decreased blood flow to the testes
B. increased levels of secondary sexual characteristics
C. sterility
D. impotence
E. decreased blood levels of testosterone
B. increased levels of secondary sexual characteristics
A male body builder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After 3 wks which of the following would you expect to observe?
A. increased sex drive
B. increased levels of GnRH
c. increased levels of ICSH and FSH
D. all of the above
E. B and C only
A. increased sex drive
Sperm production
A. takes over two months to complete
B. yields about 300 million sperm per day
C. occurs in response to FSH
D. yeilds cells that a head capped by an acrosome, a middle piece full of mitochondria and a tail
E. all of these are correct
E. all of these are correct
A male gonad is called a ________
testis
The ______ is a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity
inguinal canal
The ______ is a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac
dartos muscle
Sperm cells are produced by the process of _______
spermatogenesis
The ______ is the part of the sperm that contains the chromosomes
head
The tail of the sperm is actually a(n) ________
flagellum
A normal sperm count ranges from approx _____ spermatozoa per milliliter
35 to 100 million
The ______ is the part of the sperm that contains the enzymes necessary for fertilization
acrosomal cap
The junction of the ampulla of the ductus defrens and the base of the seminal vesicle is called the _____
ejaculatory duct
The portion of the urethra that passes through the center of the prostate gland is called the ______
prostatic urethra
The portion of the urethra that penetrates the urogenital diaphragm is the ______
membranous urethra
The portion of the male urethra the extends from the distal border of the urogenital diaphragm to the external urethral meatus is the ______
penile urethra
The procedure in which the prepuce is removed from the penis is called a(n) _______
circumcision
The funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube is called the _______
infundibulum
The ______ are fingerlike projections at the end of the uterine tube
fimbriae
The expanded, initial segment of the uterine tube is called the ______
ampulla
The expanded portion of the uterus inferior to the uterine tube is called the ______
body
The inferior constricted portion of the uterus is called the _____
isthmus
The point where the uterine cavity opens into the vagina is called the _____
external orifice
The space within the uterus is called the ______
uterine cavity
The _____ is the inner lining of the uterus
endometrium
The internal orifice connects the uterine cavity to the _____
cervical canal
The shallow recess that surrounds the cervical protrusion into the vagina is called the _____
fornix
__________ are specialized structures within an ovary that contains an oocyte
ovarian follicles
Follicles that undergo the process of _____ degenerate
atresia
_________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium
menstruation
The ______ is the layer that undergoes the cyclic changes of the menstrual cycle
functional zone
Painful menstruation is called ______
dysmenorrhea
___________ are vaginal mucus glands that resemble the bulbourethral glands of the male
greater vestibular glands
_________ are the organs of milk production
mammary glands
The ______ is a small, conical structure where ducts of the mammary glands open onto the body surface
nipple
The onset of menstruation at puberty is called the _____
menarche
The cessation of menstruatin that occurs during midlife is called ______
menopause
The _______ is an organ that provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo
uterus
How are male and female reproductive systems functionally different?
In males the gonads (testes) secrete androgens and produce half a billion gametes (sperm) each day. The sperm are mixed with secretions, forming semen and are explled from the body during ejaculation. In females, the gonads (ovaries) secrete oestrogen and progesterone and release one oocyte (gamete) every month. A sperm within the oviduct may fertilize the oocyte.
Trace the path of a sperm cell from the site of its maturation to the site where it leaves the male body. Include descriptions of fluids added along that path.
Sperm mature in the epididymis. From there, they trave; through the ductus (Vas) deferens into the abdominal cavity. The ampulla of the ductus deferens merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. Sperm and the alkaline, fructose-rich fluid from the seminal vesicle move from the ejaculatory duct into the prostatic urethra, where they are mixed with slightly acidic mucoid fluid from the prostate. Next the sperm and fluid pass through the membranous urethra and are mixed with additional alkaline secretions from the bulbourethral glands. The combination of sperm and secretions is called semen. The mixture travels through the penile urthra as it is ejaculated.
Describe the functions of testosterone
Testosterone promotes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics, protein anabolism1091, Development of sexual function (behaviour, libido, spermatogenesis), and the male pattern of development during prenatal life
Describe the roles of oestrogens and progesterone
Oestrogens stimulate the growth1091, Development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures. They stimulate the development of female secondary sex traits including the development of breasts and the pattern deposition of subcutaneous body fat. Oestrogens cause the build up of the endometrial lining that prepares the uterus for implantation of the embryo. Oestrogens also stimulate protein synthesis. Progesterone works with oestrogens to prepare the endometrium for im[lpantation and to prepare the breats for milk production. Progesterone is critical to maintaining the endometrium throughout a pregnancy.
