week5

Question 1

immunological defense against injury, infection, or allergy, marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of white blood cells and release of chemical toxins

• complex process of defense and repair within tissues
• brought on by causes of cellular injury
• body uses process to protect itself from invasion of foreign organisms and to repair tissue trauma
• may cause fevers, joint and muscle pains, organ dysfunction and exhaustion
• essential for the removal of dead and necrotic tissue
• helps to either repair injured tissues or form scar tissue
• first line of defense against injury to cells

Answer 1

inflammation

Question 2

caused by increased permeability of vessels

Answer 2

swelling (tumor)

Question 3

caused by vasodilation (increased diameter of vessels)

Answer 3

heat (color) / redness (rubber)

Question 4

caused by nervous stimulations and swelling

Answer 4

pain (dolor)

Question 5

caused by swelling and pain

Answer 5

altered function (function laesa)

Question 6

• may be caused by physical irritants, chemical irritants, infectious agents, or immunological reactions
• may be acute or chronic

Answer 6

causes of inflammation

Question 7

-characterized by active inflammation, tissue destruction, and the presence of an inflammatory exudate containing lymphocytes and macrophages

Answer 7

chronic inflammation

Question 8

types of inflammation (6)

Answer 8

1. serous
2. fibrinous
3. purulent
4. ulcerative
5. pseudomembranous
6. granulomatous

Question 9

exudation of clear fluid with few cells

Answer 9

serous

Question 10

fibrin-rich exudate

Answer 10

fibrinous

Question 11

exudate rich in pus

Answer 11

purulent

Question 12

loss of epithelium resulting in ulcerous lesion

Answer 12

ulcerative

Question 13

ulceration and a pseudomembrane over the ulcer

Answer 13

pseudomembranous

Question 14

specialized form of chronic inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas (accumulation of chronic inflammatory cells)

Answer 14

granulomatous

Question 15

Inflammatory process (
-goal of inflammation is to isolate, eliminate and regenerate

Answer 15

1. starts with the inflammatory response being initiated
2. vasoconstriction occurs once response is initiated
   - venules 15-30 mins to isolate the contaminants within the site of injury to protect other surrounding tissues
3. chemicals are released within the injury site
   - vasodilation is initiated
   - blood flow is increased, swelling, redness and heat and blood flow to the wound or foreign matter increases
4. blood flow slows and chemotaxis begins
   - leukocytes mix with platelets along the edges of the vessel wall at the site of injury
5. phagocytosis takes place
   - blood clots also form to stop initial bleeding
   - scab forms to wall off inflammatory process

Question 16

a decrease in the diameter of a vessel

Answer 16

vasoconstriction

Question 17

movement of white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators by neutrophils, monocytes, and injured tissues

Answer 17

chemotaxis

Question 18

process in which phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris

Answer 18

phagocytes

Question 19

process in which phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris

Answer 19

phagocytes

Question 20

products of inflammation (3)

Answer 20

1. inflammatory lesions
2. pus
3. inflammatory exudates

Question 21

inflammatory lesions (6)

Answer 21

1. abscess
2. ulcer
3. vesicle
4. furuncle
5. carbuncle
6. pustule

Question 22

localized accumulation of pus

Answer 22

abscess

Question 23

open sore or lesion of skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed, necrotic tissue

Answer 23

ulcer

Question 24

blister-like elevation of skin containing serious fluid

Answer 24

vesicle

Question 25

an abscess or pustular infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle

Answer 25

furuncle (boil)

Question 26

several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that produce and discharge pus

Answer 26

carbuncle

Question 27

a small elevation of the skin containing pus

Answer 27

pustule

Question 28

protein rich fluid containing white blood cells, especially neutrophils, and cell debris produced during inflammation - commonly caused by infection with pus forming or pyogenic bacteria - normally is white or yellow but can be red if small blood vessels rupture

Answer 28

pus

Question 29

inflammatory exudates (4)

Answer 29

1. exudate 2. hemorrhagic 3. serous 4. purulent (suppurative)

Question 30

any fluid released from the body with a high concentration of protein, cells, or solid debris oozing through the tissues into a cavity or to the surface

Answer 30

exudate

Question 31

cellular components of inflammation

Answer 31

1. neutrophils

Question 32

cellular components of inflammation (5)

Answer 32

1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils/ mast cells 4. macrophages 5. lymphocytes

Question 33

- first cells to enter site of injury - able to kill bacteria and engulf material (phagocytosis) - produce chemicals to attract other cells (chemotaxis) - short lived

Answer 33

neutrophils

Question 34

- kills bacteria - involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections - present for longer than neutrophils - present in chronic inflammation

Answer 34

eosinophils

Question 35

- release histamine which causes vasodilation | - known as basophils in blood, mast cells in tissue

Answer 35

basophils/mast cells

Question 35

- release histamine which causes vasodilation | - known as basophils in blood, mast cells in tissue

Answer 35

basophils/mast cells

Question 36

- enter site of injury within 3-4 days - able to kill bacteria and engulf material - present in chronic inflammation

Answer 36

macrophages

Question 37

- have surface proteins specific for antigens | - memory lymphocytes can "remember" a previously encountered antigen

Answer 37

lymphocytes

Question 38

outcomes of inflammation

Answer 38

resolution

Question 39

the termination of the inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal state - ultimate goal of inflammation - body attempts to repair injured tissues and return itself to its original healthy state when possible - results in either regeneration or repair depending on the extent of the damage

Answer 39

resolution

Question 40

damaged cells are replaced with identical new cells - not all tissue has the capacity for regeneration - certain diseases interfere with this process

Answer 40

regeneration

Question 41

restoration of damaged tissue by the growth of new, healthy cells not necessarily of the same type as the original tissue

Answer 41

repair

Question 42

a form of repaired tissue consisting of connective tissue | -contain no blood vessels, hair follicles, oil/sweat glands, or nerve endings

Answer 42

scar