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pathology 1 > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular reaction info

A
  1. all cells exist within an environment
  2. changes to this environment result in changes within the cell
  3. homeostasis
  4. cells constantly interact with the changing environment to remain stable but stability is never obtained because the outside environment is always changing
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2
Q

the attempt by cells to maintain a relatively stable environment

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

Types of cellular injury (5)

A
  1. hypoxia (loss of oxygen)
  2. autoimmune damage
  3. genetic defects
  4. nutritional imbalances
  5. physical agents
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4
Q

Types of Degeneration (4)

A
  1. degeneration
  2. cellular swelling
  3. fatty degeneration
  4. amyloid degernation
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5
Q

the deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury

A

degeneration

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6
Q

cellular swelling

A
  1. when an entire organ or tissue experiences cellular swelling, there is a loss of color (pallor) and the cells become distended (turgor)
  2. usually reversible when the cell recovers from injury
  3. cannot always be removed by the embalming process
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7
Q

fatty degeneration

A
  1. fatty changes occur in cells due to accumulation of triglycerides which are the result of digestion of fats
  2. fatty changes often occur in cells that are in close proximity to dead cells
  3. may be present in cells of the heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and other organs
  4. causes include toxins, protein malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, obsesity, and starvation
  5. in severe forms, fatty changes may preceed cellular death
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8
Q

amyloid degeneration

A
  1. amyloid (a waxy, translucent, complex protein that resembles starch)
  2. may occur in certain cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, chronic renal failure, Alzheimers disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
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9
Q

infiltration

A
  1. the process of seepage or diffusion of a substance into tissues that should not normally be present in the cells
  2. pigmentation
  3. calcification
  4. gout
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10
Q

Pigmentation

A
  1. the coloration caused by either deposit or lack of colored material in the tissues
  2. exogenous pigmentation
  3. endogenous pigmentation
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11
Q
  1. exogenous pigmentation

2. endogenous pigmentation

A
  1. colored substances that come from outside the body

2. colored substances that come from inside the body

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12
Q

calcification

A
  1. the depositing of calcium salts, magnesium, iron, and other minerals within the cells
  2. present in all cases of cellular death due to necrosis
  3. calcification of the lymph nodes is common with tuberculosis and can turn the lymph nodes to stone
  4. atherosclerosis calcifies the arteries
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13
Q

Gout

A
  1. common form of arthritis that causes swelling and pain in some of the body joints
  2. typically affects a joint in the big toe but can affect joints of the feet, ankles, or anywhere else in the Body
  3. caused by an accumulation of uric acid in the tissues, which is normal end product of metabolism
  4. often appears suddenly and may become chronic
  5. may cause deformation of joints
  6. may be inherited but may also come from foods that result in higher levels of uric acid; beans, red meats, shellfish, organ meats, peas, and lentils
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14
Q

necrosis

A
  1. a sequence of structural changes that follow cell death in living tissue
  2. all dead cells are not necrotic ; the process of necrosis includes cellular swelling, changes in the nature of cellular proteins (denaturation) and the breakdown of cellular organelles.
  3. changes in necrotic cells are the result of two concurrent processes
    - denaturation of cellular proteins
    - self digestion of the cell through a process known as autolysis
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15
Q

necrosis manifestations

A
  1. caseous necrosis
  2. gangrene
    - wet/moist gangrene
    - gas gangrene
    - dry/ischemic gangrene
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16
Q

caseous necrosis

A
  1. distint form of necrosis present in cases of tuberculosis
    - caseous means “cheese like”
    - characterized by pink areas of necrosis surrounded by inflammatory granules
16
Q

gangrene

A
  • a term used to refer to several types of necrosis
  • wet/moist
  • gas
  • dry/ischemic
17
Q

wet/moist gangrene

A
  • form of liquefactive necrosis that results from bacterial or fungal infections that develop in areas of dead, necrotic tissue
  • tissues become swollen, discolored, and blistered
  • when accompanied by gas gangrene, tissues may make a cracking sound when palpated called crepitation
18
Q

gas gangrene

A
  • caused by clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive, spore forming bacterium
  • causes fermentation of carbohydrates in the tissues, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases
  • toxins produced moved through the swollen tissue and cause further necrosis of neighboring tissue
  • often fatal
  • spreads throughout the body via blood
19
Q

dry/ischmeic gangrene

A
  • occurs when tissues become dehydrated if the blood supply is reduced
  • tissue becomes black, dry, wrinkled and greasy to the touch
  • clearly defined line of separation between dead and healthy tissue
  • no infection present
  • commonly associated with diabetes mellitus
20
Q

Adaptive Changes (4)

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. hypertrophy
  3. hyperplasia
  4. regeneration
21
Q

the shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substrate
-these cells aren’t dead, they are just trying to adapt to a decrease in the supply of required resourced

A

atrophy

22
Q

atrophy that occurs due to a pathological condition

A

pathological atrophy

23
Q

atrophy that is not accompanied by a pathological condition

A

physiological atrophy

24
Q

an increase in the size of the cells, and consequently, an increase in the size of an organ or tissue

A

hypertrophy

25
Q

not associated with a pathological condition

A

physiological hypertrophy

26
Q

occurs when cells have been damaged by a pathological condition

A

pathological hypertrophy

27
Q

no disease present but is the result of removal or damage

A

compensatory hypertrophy

28
Q

an increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to the number of cells increasing

A

hyperplasia

29
Q

replacement of damaged cells with identical cells

A

regeneration

30
Q

occurs when damaged cells are replaced with identical cells

A

physiological regeneration

31
Q

cells other than the originally damaged cells replace the damaged tissue

A

pathological regeneration

pathology 1 (8 decks)

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