week4 Flashcards
any development of an organ or structure that is abnormal in form, structure or position
congenital anomaly
any anomaly
malformation
underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body
-incomplete development of tissues due to a decreased number of cells
hypoplasia
complete failure of a tissue or an organ to develop
-absence of cells that leads to incomplete formation of limbs or organs
aplasia
the condition of having more than the normal number of fingers or toes
polydactylism
a congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
phocomelia
the absence of one or more limbs
amelia
conditions (7)
- spina bifida
- limb deformities
- cleft lip/palate
- color blindness
- vascular nevus
- down syndrome
- hernia
a structural abnormality that results in the failure of the fetus’ spine to close properly during the first month of gestation
- accompanied by developmental insufficiencies of the brain, spinal cord, and/or meninges
- infants may be born with an open lesion on their spine along with damage to the nerves and spinal cord
- this damage is usually permanent and usually results in paralysis of the legs
- most children exhibit mental disabilities as well as bowel and bladder complications
- many infants also have hydrocephalus (extra fluid in brain)
- no cure, prognosis depends on the number and severity of abnormalities
- possible treatments include surgery, medication, and physical therapy
spina bifida
different types of spina bifida (3)
- myelomeningocele
- meningocele
- occulta
the most severe form of spina bifida, characterized by the protrusion from an opening in the spine of both the malformed spinal cord and the meninges
myelomeningocele
occurs when the spinal cord develops normally but the meninges protrude from a spinal opening
meningocele
the least severe form, in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and covered by a layer of skin
occulta
limb deformities (5)
- Amelia
- hypoplasia
- aplasia
- phocomelia
- polydactylism
occurs when the 2 sides of the palate fail to fuse during the fetal development resulting in an opening between the palatine bones that form the roof of the mouth
- -fetal defect that can occur on one or both sides
- genetic factor
cleft palate
a separation of the 2 sides of the lip which may include the bones of the upper jaw
- fetal defect that can occur on one or both sides
- genetic factor
cleft lip
condition in which individuals have difficulties identifying various colors and shades of colors
- due to defects in specialized cells in the retina of the eyes (cones) that enable humans to see in color
- most cases are inherited
- almost always affects males
- no treatment or cure for congenital but may be acquired over time
color blindness
color blindness types (3)
- red/green colorblindness
- blue colorblindness
- achromatopsia
can distinguish between red and green when comparing the two but they can’t determine if a color is red or green when shown only one of the two colors
red/green colorblindness
cannot distinguish between blue and yellow, they see only white or gray
blue colorblindness
total colorblindness
-very rare, hereditary and usually associated with poor visual acuity and extreme sensitivity to light
achromatophsia
a type of birthmark, also known as strawberry mark, in which superficial blood vessels are enlarged
- vary in shape and size
- slightly elevated from the surface of the skin
- red or purple coloration
vascular nevus
- extra chromosome present, usually 21 or 22
- intellectual disability occurs in varying degrees
- result of a genetic mutation
- linked to mothers age
- mothers under 30 have 1 in 1000 chance while over 49 have 1 in 12 chance
Down syndrome
physical attributes of Down syndrome (6)
- sloped forehead
- small ear canals
- gray or light yellow spots around iris of the eyes
- low set ears
- dwarfed physical appearance
- short broad hands with a single palmar crease
