Week 9 Study Guide Flashcards
Wellness and Wellbeing Concepts
Well being: a positive outcome that is meaningful for people and many sectors. Physical Wellbeing, Economic Wellbeing, Social Wellbeing, Emotional Wellbeing
How is wellbeing measured?
Measured with self reports.(objective and subjective).
Psychometrically- based on the relationship between, and strength among, multiple items that are intended to measure one or more domains of well-being.
Utility-based-based on an individual or group’s preference for a particular state, and are typically anchored between 0 (death) to 1 (optimum health).
Why is wellbeing useful for public health?
Well-being integrates mental health (mind) and physical health (body) resulting in more holistic approaches to disease prevention and health promotion.
Well-being is a valid population outcome measure beyond morbidity, mortality, and economic status that tells us how people perceive their life is going from their own perspective.
h some degree of accuracy.2, 7
Results from cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies find that well-being is associated with1, 8:
Self-perceived health.
What are some correlates and determinants of individual level well being?
There is no sole determinant of individual well-being, but in general, well-being is dependent upon good health, positive social relationships, and availability and access to basic resources (e.g., shelter, income).
Other factors: genes and personality(individual level), age and gender, income and work(complex relationship) and relationships.
What are some correlates of wellbeing at the national level?
Countries differ substantially in their levels of well-being.4, 70 Societies with higher well-being are those that are more economically developed, have effective governments with low levels of corruption, have high levels of trust, and can meet citizens’ basic needs for food and health.4, 5 Cultural factors (e.g., individualsm vs. collectivism, social norms) also play a role in national estimates of wellbeing.
What is the difference between health-related quality of life, well-being, flourishing, positive mental health, optimal health, happiness, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, life satisfaction, hedonic well-being, and other terms that exist in the literature?
Some researchers suggest that many of the terms are synonymous, whereas others note that there are major differences based on which dimensions are independent and contribute most to well-being.37, 71 This is an evolving science, with contributions from multiple disciplines. Traditionally, health-related quality of life has been linked to patient outcomes, and has generally focused on deficits in functioning (e.g., pain, negative affect). In contrast, well-being focuses on assets in functioning, including positive emotions and psychological resources (e.g., positive affect, autonomy, mastery) as key components. Some researchers have drawn from both perspectives to measure physical and mental well-being for clinical and economic studies. Subjective well-being typically refers to self-reports contrasted with objective indicators of well-being. The term, “positive mental health” calls attention to the psychological components that comprise well-being from the perspective of ndividuals interested primarily in the mental health domain. From this perspective, positive mental health is a resource, broadly inclusive of psychological assets and skills essential for well-being.24, 25 But, the latter generally excludes the physical component of well-being. “Hedonic” well-being focuses on the “feeling” component of well-being (e.g., happiness) in contrast to “eudaimonic” well-being which focuses on the “thinking” component of well-being (e.g., fulfillment).35 People with high levels of positive emotions, and those who are functioning well psychologically and socially are described by some as having complete mental health, or as “flourishing.”
What does high blood pressure do?
Increases the risk for heart disease and stroke which are two leading causes of death in the United States.
What are symptoms and causes of high blood pressure?
Usually has no warning signs or symptoms. Usually occurs due to unhealthy behaviors. Diabetes, obesity and sometimes pregnancy can increase a person’s risk.
What are the effects of high blood pressure?
Can damage organs such as your heart, brain, kidneys and eyes.
How can you measure blood pressure?
Measuring your blood pressure is the only way to know you have high blood pressure. Get it checked at a doctor’s office, pharmacy, or an at home kit.
Don’t eat or drink anything 30 min. before, make sure to go to the bathroom prior, sit in a comfortable chair, have feet flat, cuff should be on a bare arm and don’t talk.
What are risks for high blood pressure?
Elevated blood pressure, diabetes, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, too much alcohol, tobacco use, genetics and family history, age, sex, race or ethnicity.
How can you control high blood pressure?
Manage it, measure it on a regular basis, manage diabetes, take required medicine, make lifestyle changes, talk with healthcare team.
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a long lasting chronic disease that affects how your body turns food into energy. Body breaks down glucose and releases insulin when blood sugar(glucose) is high.
What are different types of diabetes?
Type 1, Type 2, Gestational
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction stops your body from making insulin.It’s usually diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults. If you have type 1 diabetes, you’ll need to take insulin every day to survive.
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
With type 2 diabetes, your body doesn’t use insulin well and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels. About 90-95% of people with diabetes have type 2. It develops over many years and is usually diagnosed in adults (but more and more in children, teens, and young adults).Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes, such as:
Losing weight.
Eating healthy food.
Being active.
What is gestational diabetes?
Gestational diabetes develops in pregnant women who have never had diabetes. If you have gestational diabetes, your baby could be at higher risk for health problems. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after your baby is born. However, it increases your risk for type 2 diabetes later in life. Your baby is more likely to have obesity as a child or teen and develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
Having to urinate, are very thirsty, lose weight without trying, are very hungry, have blurry vision, have numb or tingling feet or hands, feel very tired, have very dry skin, have sores that heal slowly, have more infections than usual.
Type 1: Nausea, vomiting or stomach pains.
Type 2: usually takes years to develop. Some don’t notice at all.
Gestational: usually doesn’t have any symptoms. Women should get tested between 24-28 weeks of gestation.
What are risk factors?
Type 1: Family history(brother, parent, sister
Age- can develop at any age but usually develops as a child or teen.
Type 2- have pre diabetes, are overweight, are 45 or older, have a parent, brother or sister with diabetes, are physically active less than 3 days a week, have ever had gestational diabetes, are African American, Latino, American Indian or Alaska Native.
What is treatment?
Diabetes Self Management Education and Support: helps patients manage blood glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure
What is Prediabetes?
A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal. Puts you at risk for developing TYPE 2, heart disease and stroke.
What causes prediabetes?
The cells in your body don’t respond well to insulin.Your pancreas makes more insulin to try to get cells to respond. Eventually your pancreas can’t keep up, and your blood sugar rises, setting the stage for prediabetes—and type 2 diabetes down the road.
What are the symptoms?
Being overweight
Being 45 years or older
Having a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes
Being physically active less than 3 times a week
Ever having gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or giving birth to a baby who weighed more than 9 pounds
Having polycystic ovary syndrome. Race and ethnicity is also a factor.
What can you do to prevent prediabetes?
f you have prediabetes, losing a small amount of weight if you’re overweight and getting regular physical activity can lower your risk for developing type 2 diabetes. A small amount of weight loss means around 5% to 7% of your body weight, just 10 to 14 pounds for a 200-pound person. Regular physical activity means getting at least 150 minutes a week of brisk walking or a similar activity. That’s just 30 minutes a day, five days a week.
Also:Working with a trained coach to make realistic, lasting lifestyle changes.
Discovering how to eat healthy and add more physical activity into your day.
Finding out how to manage stress, stay motivated, and solve problems that can slow your progress.
Getting support from people with similar goals and challenges.
Diagnosing Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed using the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. Results are interpreted as follows:
Below 5.7% is normal.
5.7% to 6.4% is diagnosed as prediabetes.
6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
Other tests: Random blood sugar test. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams of sugar per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles of sugar per liter (mmol/L) of blood.
Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample is taken after you haven’t eaten overnight. Results are interpreted as follows:
Less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is considered healthy.
100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is diagnosed as prediabetes.
126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests is diagnosed as diabetes.
How is it treated?
Management of type 2 diabetes includes:
Healthy eating.
Regular exercise.
Weight loss.
Possibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy.
Blood sugar monitoring.
What are obesity causes and consequences?
Obesity is a complex disease that occurs when an individual’s weight is higher than what is considered healthy for his or her height.
Obesity affects children as well as adults. Many factors can contribute to excess weight gain including eating patterns, physical activity levels, and sleep routines. Social determinants of health, genetics, and taking certain medications also play a role.
BMI
(BMI) is a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. BMI is an inexpensive and easy screening method for weight category—underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity.
Waist Circumference
Visceral fat has been linked to metabolic disturbances and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In women, it is also associated with breast cancer and the need for gallbladder surgery.
What is Coronary Artery Disease?
oronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease in the United States. It is sometimes called coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
For some people, the first sign of CAD is a heart attack.
What are the causes of CAD?
CAD is caused by plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart (called coronary arteries) and other parts of the body.Plaque buildup causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over time, which can partially or totally block the blood flow. This process is called atherosclerosis.
