Week 9 Study Cards Flashcards
what is the major role of the respiratory system?
supply the body with the oxygen it needs and dispose of the carbon dioxide
What are the four distinct processes that help fulfill function?
pulmonary ventillation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration
What is pulmonary ventilation?
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is pulmonary ventilation known as more?
breathing
What is external respiration?
gas exchanges to and from the pulmonary circuit blood that occur in the lungs
Where does external respiration occur?
in the lungs
What is transport of respiratory gases
transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body using blood as the transport vehicle
What is internal respiration
exchange of gases to and from the blood capillaries of the systemic circulation
Where does internal respiration occur
systemically
What are the upper respiratory system structures
nose, pharynx, larynx
Where does air pass into the respiratory tract
nostrils or nares
Where does the air enter once it passes through nostrils?
nasal cavity
What does the air pass over in the nasal cavity
inferior, superior, middle nasal concae
What is the function of the nasal concae
air turbulance, warms and moistens air
What is the nasal cavity surrounded by?
paranasal sinuses in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
What do the paranasal sinuses function as?
resonance chambers in speech
What separates the nasal passages and the oral cavity
hard palate anteriorly and soft palate posteriorly
Once the air passes the mouth, where does the pass?
pharynx posteriorly
What lies posterior to the nasal cavity and is continuous with it
nasopharynx
What is the nasopharynx function
serves only as an air passage
High on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx is what
phayngeal tonsils
What are the pharyngeal tonsils
paired masses of lymphoid tissue
What drains into the nasopharynx
pharyngotypanic/ auditory tubes
What lies posterior to the oral cavity
oropharynx
Where does the oropharynx extend
soft palate to the epiglottis of the larynx inferiorly
In oropharynx lateral walls lies what
palatine tonsils
What covers the base of the tongue
lingual tonsils
What accommodates both ingested food and air
laryngopharynx
Where does laryngopharynx exten
larynx into the respiratory and digestive channels
What makes up the larynx
nine cartilages that are quite small
What is the largest cartilage of the larynx
thyroid cartilage
What is the anterior protrusion of the thyroid cartilage
adams apple
What is the inferior ring-shaped
cricoid cartilage
What type of cartilage are laryngeal cartilages composed of
hyaline cartilage
What composes the epiglottis
flaplike elastic cartilage superior to the opening of the larynx
What is the function of epiglotis
forms a lid over the larynx when we smallow
If anything other than air enters the larynx what occurs
cough reflex
The mucous membrane of the laynx is thrown into a pair of folds called what
vocals folds or true vocal cords
The passageways between the vocal cords is called what
glottis
Where does air enter the lungs
trachea
What does the tracea divide into
right and left main, or primary, bronchi
What is the trachea lined with
ciliated mucus secreting epithelium
What is the function of the cilia
propel mucus loaded with dust particles, bacteria, and other debris away from the lungs
What are the wall of the trachea lined with
c shaped cartilages
What does the open part of the cartilage allow
expand anteriorly when a large piece of food is swallowed
What do the solid portions of the trachea allow
reinforce the trachea walls to keep its passageway open regardless of the pressure changes that occur during breathing
Where do the main bronchi plunge into their respective lungs at an indented area called
hilum
Inside the lungs the primary bronchi divide further into smaller and smaller branches called
secondary, tertiary
What is the smallest branches of the lungs
bronchioles
What are the terminal ends of the bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
What is the continuous branching of the respiratory passageways in lungs ofter referred to as
respiratory tree
What do the respiratory bronchioles in turn subdivide into
alveolar ducts
Where do the alveolar ducts end
alveolar sacs
What are the alveolar sacs
alveoli
What are alveoli
tiny balloonlike expansions along the alveolar sacs composed of single thin layer of squamous epithelium overlying a wispy connective tissue layer
What are the external surfaces of the alveoli covered in
spiderwebbed with pulmonary capillaries
Together the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes form what
respiratory membrane
What are the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles referred to as
respiratory zone structures
What does the mediastinum house
heart, bronchi, esophagus, and other organs
What is each lung connected to the mediastinum by
a root containing its vasculr supply and bronchial attachments
What is the lungs apex
its narrower superior aspect
What is the lungs base
inferior surface rests on diaphragm
What divides the lungs into lobes
fissures
How lobes are in the left lung
two
how many lobes are in the right lung
three
What is the main composition of the lungs
elastic connective tissue
What is each lung enclosed in by
doule layered serous membrane
What is the double layered serous membrane called
pleura
What is the outer layer pleura
parietal pleura
What is the parietal pleura attached to
thoracic walls and the diaphragm
What is the inner layer
visceral pleura
What does the visceral pleura cover
covering lung tissue
What are the two pleural layers separated by
pleural cavity
What are the two phases of Pulmonary ventilation or breathing?
inspiration
expiration
What is inspiration?
air is flowing into the lungs
What is expiration?
when air passes out of the lungs
At normal quiet breathing, how much air moves about in the lung
500 mL
What are respiratory volumes measured with
spirometer
what is tidal volume
volume of air inhaled and exhales with each normal respiration
What is expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exiration ranges 700 and 1200
What is vital capacity
total exchangeable air of the lungs
What is inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration
What is a pneumograph
an apparatus that records variations in breathing patters and is the best means of observing respiratory variations
What system provides the body with the nutrients essential for health
digestive system
What are the functions of the organs of this system
ingest, digest, absorb food, eliminate undigested remains
What is the main tube of digestive system
alimentary canal
How is food broken down
physically and chemically
What is the breakdown of food called
digestion
The digested end products can then pass through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood to be distributed to the body cells in the process calledq
absorption
What are the two main groups of organs of the digestive system
alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) accessory digestive organs
What are the alimentary canal organs
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus
What are the accessory digestive organ
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas
the alimentary canal walls have four what
tunics (layers)
What is the innermost layer that lines the alimentary canal lumen
mucosa (mucous membrane)
What does the mucosa tunic consist of
surface epithelium, a lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae
What is the major funcion of the mucosa
secretion, absorption of digested foodstuffs, and protection
What is the layer superficial to the mucosa
the submucosa
What is the submucosa composed of
connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, scattered lymph nodules and nerve fibers
What is the major function of the submucosa
protection
What is the intrinsic nerve supply of the submucosa
submucosal plexus
What is the third layer of the tube
muscularis externa
What composes muscularis externa
bilayer of smooth muscle with the deeper layer running circularly and the superficial running longitudinally
What is the smooth muscle of the muscularis controlled by
myenteric plexus
What is the outermost layer
serosa
What is serosa composed of
visceral peritoneum, single layer of squamous epithelium associated with scanty areolar CT
Where does food enter the digestive tract?
mouth or oral cavity
What protects the anterior opening of the mouth
lips or labia
What forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity
cheeks
What forms the roof of the oral cavity
palate
What is the anterior portion of the palate called
hard palate
What is the posterior portion of the palate called
soft palate
Why is the fingerlike projection of the soft palate, extending inferiorly from its posterior edge
uvula
What occupies the floor of the oral cavity
tongue
What secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth
lingual frenulum
What is the space between the lips and cheeks and the teeth
vestibule
What is the area that lies within the teeth and gums
oral cavity proper
On each side of the mouth at its posterior end are masses of lymphoid tissue called what
palatine tonsils
What covers the base on the tongue posterior to the oral cavity proper
lingual tonsil
What are three pairs of duct their secretion, saliva, into the oral cavity
salivary glands
What begins the digestion of starchy foods in the mouth
salivary amylase
What is the sruface of the tongue covered with
papillae
From the mouth food passes posteriorly into what
pharynx
The pharynx has what three parts
nasophaynx, oropharynx, and laryyngopharnx
Where is the naspharynx located
behind nasal cavity
Where is oropharynx located
from soft palate to the epiglottis
Where is the laryngopharynx located
extends from the epiglottis to the base of the larynx
The walls of the pharynx contain two layers of what
skeletal muscle
What type of skeletal muscles does it contain
inner longitudinal and outer circular
What extends from the pharynx to the diaphragm
esophagus
How long is the esophagus
approximately 10 inches
What is a thickening of the smooth muscle layer at the esophagus-stomach junction
cardioesophageal sphincter
What is on the left side of the abdominal cavity
stomach
What are the different regions of the saclike stomach
cardial region, the fundus, the body the pylorus
What is the cardial region of the stomach
area surrounding the opening through which food enters the stomach
what is the fundus region of the the stomach
expanded portion of the stomach, lateral to the lateral cardiac region
What is the body portion of the stomach
midpart of the stomach
what is the pylorus region of the stomach
terminal part of the stomach which is continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter
What is the concave medial surface of the stomach
lesser curvature
What is the convex lateral surface
greater curvature
Two mesenteries extend from these curvatures, what are they
lesser omentum and greater omentum
Where does the lesser omentum extend
liver to the lesser curvature
where does the greater omentum extend from
greater curvature to the stomach
What secretes hydrochloric acid and hydolytic enzymes in the stomach
gastric glands
What is a convoluted tube about 2 meters long
small intestine
Where does the small intestine extend
pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
What is the small intestine suspended by
fan shaped mesentery
What are the three regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What is the duodenum
extends from the pyloric sphincter for about 10 inches to head of pancreas
What is the jejunum
continues from duodenum and extends about 8 ft
What is the ileum
terminal portion of small intestine about 12 ft long and joins with large intestine
Where does the ileum join with large intestin
ileocecal valve
What are enzymes bound to the microvilli of the colunar epithelial cells
brush border enzymes
what are these ezymes ducted through from pancreas to duodenum
pancreatic duct
Bile enters the duodenum via
bile duct
what do the pancreatic and bile duct join to form what
heptopancreatic ampulla
What do they empty their products into
duodenal papilla
What are microvilli
minute projections of the surface plasma membrane of the columnar epithelial cells of the mucosa
What are cilli
fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety appearance
What are the deep folds of the mucosal and submucosal layers that force chyme to spiral through the intestine
circular folds
What are local collections of lymphoid nodules in the submucosa
peyers patches
What extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
large intestine
What are the subdivisions of the large intestine
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal
What are the sudivisions of the colon
ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon
What terminates the anal canal
anus
What are the puckers in the wall of the colon due to muscle bands
haustra
What are the three pairs of salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
What are parotid glands
large glands located anterior to the ear and ducting via the parotid duct into the mouth over the second upper molar
What are the submandimular glands
located along the medial aspect of the mandible in the floor of the mouth and ducting under the tongue close to the frenulum
What are the sublingual glands
small glands located most anteriorly in the floor of the mouth and emptying under the tongue via several small ducts
What enzyme does saliva contian
salivary amylase
What is the largest gland in the body
liver
What is the liver suspended from the diaphragm by
falciform ligament
What is the function of the liver
bile
What does the bile leav the liver by
common hepatic duct
Where does the bile enter
duodenum via bile duct
Where does bile back up when no digestion
cystic duct
where does the cystic duct enter
gallbladder
What are the special phagocytic cells of liver to remove debris
Kupffer cells
What is a soft, triangular gland that extends across the posterior abominal wall from the spleen to the duodenum
pancreas
