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Anatomy Lab > Week 9 Study Cards > Flashcards

Week 9 Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major role of the respiratory system?

A

supply the body with the oxygen it needs and dispose of the carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What are the four distinct processes that help fulfill function?

A

pulmonary ventillation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration

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3
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation known as more?

A

breathing

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5
Q

What is external respiration?

A

gas exchanges to and from the pulmonary circuit blood that occur in the lungs

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6
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

in the lungs

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7
Q

What is transport of respiratory gases

A

transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body using blood as the transport vehicle

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8
Q

What is internal respiration

A

exchange of gases to and from the blood capillaries of the systemic circulation

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9
Q

Where does internal respiration occur

A

systemically

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10
Q

What are the upper respiratory system structures

A

nose, pharynx, larynx

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11
Q

Where does air pass into the respiratory tract

A

nostrils or nares

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12
Q

Where does the air enter once it passes through nostrils?

A

nasal cavity

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13
Q

What does the air pass over in the nasal cavity

A

inferior, superior, middle nasal concae

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14
Q

What is the function of the nasal concae

A

air turbulance, warms and moistens air

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15
Q

What is the nasal cavity surrounded by?

A

paranasal sinuses in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

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16
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses function as?

A

resonance chambers in speech

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17
Q

What separates the nasal passages and the oral cavity

A

hard palate anteriorly and soft palate posteriorly

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18
Q

Once the air passes the mouth, where does the pass?

A

pharynx posteriorly

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19
Q

What lies posterior to the nasal cavity and is continuous with it

A

nasopharynx

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20
Q

What is the nasopharynx function

A

serves only as an air passage

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21
Q

High on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx is what

A

phayngeal tonsils

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22
Q

What are the pharyngeal tonsils

A

paired masses of lymphoid tissue

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23
Q

What drains into the nasopharynx

A

pharyngotypanic/ auditory tubes

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24
Q

What lies posterior to the oral cavity

A

oropharynx

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25
Q

Where does the oropharynx extend

A

soft palate to the epiglottis of the larynx inferiorly

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26
Q

In oropharynx lateral walls lies what

A

palatine tonsils

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27
Q

What covers the base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsils

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28
Q

What accommodates both ingested food and air

A

laryngopharynx

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29
Q

Where does laryngopharynx exten

A

larynx into the respiratory and digestive channels

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30
Q

What makes up the larynx

A

nine cartilages that are quite small

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31
Q

What is the largest cartilage of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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32
Q

What is the anterior protrusion of the thyroid cartilage

A

adams apple

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33
Q

What is the inferior ring-shaped

A

cricoid cartilage

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34
Q

What type of cartilage are laryngeal cartilages composed of

A

hyaline cartilage

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35
Q

What composes the epiglottis

A

flaplike elastic cartilage superior to the opening of the larynx

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36
Q

What is the function of epiglotis

A

forms a lid over the larynx when we smallow

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37
Q

If anything other than air enters the larynx what occurs

A

cough reflex

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38
Q

The mucous membrane of the laynx is thrown into a pair of folds called what

A

vocals folds or true vocal cords

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39
Q

The passageways between the vocal cords is called what

A

glottis

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40
Q

Where does air enter the lungs

A

trachea

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41
Q

What does the tracea divide into

A

right and left main, or primary, bronchi

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42
Q

What is the trachea lined with

A

ciliated mucus secreting epithelium

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43
Q

What is the function of the cilia

A

propel mucus loaded with dust particles, bacteria, and other debris away from the lungs

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44
Q

What are the wall of the trachea lined with

A

c shaped cartilages

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45
Q

What does the open part of the cartilage allow

A

expand anteriorly when a large piece of food is swallowed

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46
Q

What do the solid portions of the trachea allow

A

reinforce the trachea walls to keep its passageway open regardless of the pressure changes that occur during breathing

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47
Q

Where do the main bronchi plunge into their respective lungs at an indented area called

A

hilum

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48
Q

Inside the lungs the primary bronchi divide further into smaller and smaller branches called

A

secondary, tertiary

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49
Q

What is the smallest branches of the lungs

A

bronchioles

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50
Q

What are the terminal ends of the bronchioles

A

respiratory bronchioles

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51
Q

What is the continuous branching of the respiratory passageways in lungs ofter referred to as

A

respiratory tree

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52
Q

What do the respiratory bronchioles in turn subdivide into

A

alveolar ducts

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53
Q

Where do the alveolar ducts end

A

alveolar sacs

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54
Q

What are the alveolar sacs

A

alveoli

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55
Q

What are alveoli

A

tiny balloonlike expansions along the alveolar sacs composed of single thin layer of squamous epithelium overlying a wispy connective tissue layer

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56
Q

What are the external surfaces of the alveoli covered in

A

spiderwebbed with pulmonary capillaries

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57
Q

Together the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes form what

A

respiratory membrane

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58
Q

What are the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles referred to as

A

respiratory zone structures

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59
Q

What does the mediastinum house

A

heart, bronchi, esophagus, and other organs

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60
Q

What is each lung connected to the mediastinum by

A

a root containing its vasculr supply and bronchial attachments

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61
Q

What is the lungs apex

A

its narrower superior aspect

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62
Q

What is the lungs base

A

inferior surface rests on diaphragm

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63
Q

What divides the lungs into lobes

A

fissures

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64
Q

How lobes are in the left lung

A

two

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65
Q

how many lobes are in the right lung

A

three

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66
Q

What is the main composition of the lungs

A

elastic connective tissue

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67
Q

What is each lung enclosed in by

A

doule layered serous membrane

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68
Q

What is the double layered serous membrane called

A

pleura

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69
Q

What is the outer layer pleura

A

parietal pleura

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70
Q

What is the parietal pleura attached to

A

thoracic walls and the diaphragm

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71
Q

What is the inner layer

A

visceral pleura

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72
Q

What does the visceral pleura cover

A

covering lung tissue

73
Q

What are the two pleural layers separated by

A

pleural cavity

74
Q

What are the two phases of Pulmonary ventilation or breathing?

A

inspiration

expiration

75
Q

What is inspiration?

A

air is flowing into the lungs

76
Q

What is expiration?

A

when air passes out of the lungs

77
Q

At normal quiet breathing, how much air moves about in the lung

A

500 mL

78
Q

What are respiratory volumes measured with

A

spirometer

79
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhales with each normal respiration

80
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exiration ranges 700 and 1200

81
Q

What is vital capacity

A

total exchangeable air of the lungs

82
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration

83
Q

What is a pneumograph

A

an apparatus that records variations in breathing patters and is the best means of observing respiratory variations

84
Q

What system provides the body with the nutrients essential for health

A

digestive system

85
Q

What are the functions of the organs of this system

A

ingest, digest, absorb food, eliminate undigested remains

86
Q

What is the main tube of digestive system

A

alimentary canal

87
Q

How is food broken down

A

physically and chemically

88
Q

What is the breakdown of food called

A

digestion

89
Q

The digested end products can then pass through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood to be distributed to the body cells in the process calledq

A

absorption

90
Q

What are the two main groups of organs of the digestive system

A 
alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)
accessory digestive organs
91
Q

What are the alimentary canal organs

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus

92
Q

What are the accessory digestive organ

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

93
Q

the alimentary canal walls have four what

A

tunics (layers)

94
Q

What is the innermost layer that lines the alimentary canal lumen

A

mucosa (mucous membrane)

95
Q

What does the mucosa tunic consist of

A

surface epithelium, a lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae

96
Q

What is the major funcion of the mucosa

A

secretion, absorption of digested foodstuffs, and protection

97
Q

What is the layer superficial to the mucosa

A

the submucosa

98
Q

What is the submucosa composed of

A

connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, scattered lymph nodules and nerve fibers

99
Q

What is the major function of the submucosa

A

protection

100
Q

What is the intrinsic nerve supply of the submucosa

A

submucosal plexus

101
Q

What is the third layer of the tube

A

muscularis externa

102
Q

What composes muscularis externa

A

bilayer of smooth muscle with the deeper layer running circularly and the superficial running longitudinally

103
Q

What is the smooth muscle of the muscularis controlled by

A

myenteric plexus

104
Q

What is the outermost layer

A

serosa

105
Q

What is serosa composed of

A

visceral peritoneum, single layer of squamous epithelium associated with scanty areolar CT

106
Q

Where does food enter the digestive tract?

A

mouth or oral cavity

107
Q

What protects the anterior opening of the mouth

A

lips or labia

108
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity

A

cheeks

109
Q

What forms the roof of the oral cavity

A

palate

110
Q

What is the anterior portion of the palate called

A

hard palate

111
Q

What is the posterior portion of the palate called

A

soft palate

112
Q

Why is the fingerlike projection of the soft palate, extending inferiorly from its posterior edge

A

uvula

113
Q

What occupies the floor of the oral cavity

A

tongue

114
Q

What secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

lingual frenulum

115
Q

What is the space between the lips and cheeks and the teeth

A

vestibule

116
Q

What is the area that lies within the teeth and gums

A

oral cavity proper

117
Q

On each side of the mouth at its posterior end are masses of lymphoid tissue called what

A

palatine tonsils

118
Q

What covers the base on the tongue posterior to the oral cavity proper

A

lingual tonsil

119
Q

What are three pairs of duct their secretion, saliva, into the oral cavity

A

salivary glands

120
Q

What begins the digestion of starchy foods in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

121
Q

What is the sruface of the tongue covered with

A

papillae

122
Q

From the mouth food passes posteriorly into what

A

pharynx

123
Q

The pharynx has what three parts

A

nasophaynx, oropharynx, and laryyngopharnx

124
Q

Where is the naspharynx located

A

behind nasal cavity

125
Q

Where is oropharynx located

A

from soft palate to the epiglottis

126
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located

A

extends from the epiglottis to the base of the larynx

127
Q

The walls of the pharynx contain two layers of what

A

skeletal muscle

128
Q

What type of skeletal muscles does it contain

A

inner longitudinal and outer circular

129
Q

What extends from the pharynx to the diaphragm

A

esophagus

130
Q

How long is the esophagus

A

approximately 10 inches

131
Q

What is a thickening of the smooth muscle layer at the esophagus-stomach junction

A

cardioesophageal sphincter

132
Q

What is on the left side of the abdominal cavity

A

stomach

133
Q

What are the different regions of the saclike stomach

A

cardial region, the fundus, the body the pylorus

134
Q

What is the cardial region of the stomach

A

area surrounding the opening through which food enters the stomach

135
Q

what is the fundus region of the the stomach

A

expanded portion of the stomach, lateral to the lateral cardiac region

136
Q

What is the body portion of the stomach

A

midpart of the stomach

137
Q

what is the pylorus region of the stomach

A

terminal part of the stomach which is continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter

138
Q

What is the concave medial surface of the stomach

A

lesser curvature

139
Q

What is the convex lateral surface

A

greater curvature

140
Q

Two mesenteries extend from these curvatures, what are they

A

lesser omentum and greater omentum

141
Q

Where does the lesser omentum extend

A

liver to the lesser curvature

142
Q

where does the greater omentum extend from

A

greater curvature to the stomach

143
Q

What secretes hydrochloric acid and hydolytic enzymes in the stomach

A

gastric glands

144
Q

What is a convoluted tube about 2 meters long

A

small intestine

145
Q

Where does the small intestine extend

A

pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

146
Q

What is the small intestine suspended by

A

fan shaped mesentery

147
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

148
Q

What is the duodenum

A

extends from the pyloric sphincter for about 10 inches to head of pancreas

149
Q

What is the jejunum

A

continues from duodenum and extends about 8 ft

150
Q

What is the ileum

A

terminal portion of small intestine about 12 ft long and joins with large intestine

151
Q

Where does the ileum join with large intestin

A

ileocecal valve

152
Q

What are enzymes bound to the microvilli of the colunar epithelial cells

A

brush border enzymes

153
Q

what are these ezymes ducted through from pancreas to duodenum

A

pancreatic duct

154
Q

Bile enters the duodenum via

A

bile duct

155
Q

what do the pancreatic and bile duct join to form what

A

heptopancreatic ampulla

156
Q

What do they empty their products into

A

duodenal papilla

157
Q

What are microvilli

A

minute projections of the surface plasma membrane of the columnar epithelial cells of the mucosa

158
Q

What are cilli

A

fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety appearance

159
Q

What are the deep folds of the mucosal and submucosal layers that force chyme to spiral through the intestine

A

circular folds

160
Q

What are local collections of lymphoid nodules in the submucosa

A

peyers patches

161
Q

What extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus

A

large intestine

162
Q

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

163
Q

What are the sudivisions of the colon

A

ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon

164
Q

What terminates the anal canal

A

anus

165
Q

What are the puckers in the wall of the colon due to muscle bands

A

haustra

166
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

167
Q

What are parotid glands

A

large glands located anterior to the ear and ducting via the parotid duct into the mouth over the second upper molar

168
Q

What are the submandimular glands

A

located along the medial aspect of the mandible in the floor of the mouth and ducting under the tongue close to the frenulum

169
Q

What are the sublingual glands

A

small glands located most anteriorly in the floor of the mouth and emptying under the tongue via several small ducts

170
Q

What enzyme does saliva contian

A

salivary amylase

171
Q

What is the largest gland in the body

A

liver

172
Q

What is the liver suspended from the diaphragm by

A

falciform ligament

173
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

bile

174
Q

What does the bile leav the liver by

A

common hepatic duct

175
Q

Where does the bile enter

A

duodenum via bile duct

176
Q

Where does bile back up when no digestion

A

cystic duct

177
Q

where does the cystic duct enter

A

gallbladder

178
Q

What are the special phagocytic cells of liver to remove debris

A

Kupffer cells

179
Q

What is a soft, triangular gland that extends across the posterior abominal wall from the spleen to the duodenum

A

pancreas

Anatomy Lab (11 decks)

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