FINAL REVIEW Flashcards
What is the study of body structures you can see with the naked eye?
gross anatomy
What is the relative standard position for a body
anatomical position
What is the anatomical position
body erect, head and toes pointed forward and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
What is the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
abdominal
what is the anterior surface of the elbow
antecubital
the armpit
axillary
the arm
brachial
the cheek
buccal
the wrist
carpal
the neck region
cervical
the hip
coxal
the roundness of the shoulder caused by the underlying deltoid muscle
deltoid
the fingers or toes
digital
the thigh
femoral
the side of the leg
fibular
the groin
inguinal
the breast
mammary
the hand
manus
the nose
nasal
the mouth
oral
the bony eye socket
orbital
the anterior knee region
patelar
the pelvis region
pelvic
the genital region
pubic
the region of the breastbone
sternal
the ankle
tarsal
the chest
thoracic
the naval
umbilical
the head
cephalic
the buttocks or rump
gluteal
the area of the back between the ribs and hips. the loin
lumbar
the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
occipital
the area between the hips
sacral
the scapula or shoulder blade area
scapular
the calf or posterior surface of the leg
sural
the area of the spinal column
vertebral
above/below
superior/inferior
front/back
anterior/posterior
toward the midline/ away from the midline
medial/ lateral
toward the head/ toward the tail
cephalad/ caudad
backside/ belly side
dorsal/ ventral
nearer the trunk or attached end/ farther from the trunk or point of attachment
proximal/ distal
toward or at body surface/ away from the body surface or more internal
superficial/ deep
a plane that runs lengthwise or longitudinally down the length of the body dividing it into right and left parts
saggital plane
a plane down the midline separating left and right is
median or midsaggital plane
a longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal plane
a plane that runs horizontally dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
transverse planes
what are transverse planes often called
cross sections
what is the cavity that contains the brain within the skull
cranial cavity
cavity which runs within the bony vertebral column to protect the spinal cord
spinal cavity
cavity that is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the muscular diaphragm
thoracic cavity
cavity inferior to the diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, liber and other organs
andominal cavity
cavity partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectume
pelvic cavity
four quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left
9 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
right hypo chondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
right lumbar, umbilical region, left lumbar
right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function are called
tissues
four primary types of tissues
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
tissues are organized into what to perform functions
organs
what tissue covers surfaces
epithelial tissues
functions of epithelial tissue
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
5 characteristics of epithelial
1) cells fit closely together to form membranes
2) membranes always have one exposed surface
3) cells are attached/ supported by basement membrane
4) epithelial has no blood supply of own
5) well nourished cells can easily regenerate
what is free surface called
apical surface
three styles of epithelial shapes
cuboidal, columnar, squamous
two types of layers of epithelial
simple, stratified
fake stratified
pseudostratified
peculiar strtified squamous epithelium formed of rouded or plump cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched
transitional epithelium
tissue found in all parts of the body and is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue type
connective tissue
what is connective tissue of bone
osseous tissue
connective tissue of ligaments and tendons
dense regular connective tissue
nonliving material between the cells
extracellular matrix
primary function of extracellular matrix
for the strength associated with connective tissue
two components of the extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
what is the ground substance of extracellular matrix
glycoproteins and large polysaccharide molecules
what are the fibers of extracellular matrix
collagenic white, elastic yellow, reticular fine collagenic
tissue specialized to contract to produce movement of some body parts
muscle tissue
three types of muscle tissue
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
the “meat” or flesh of the body is attached to the skeleton, under voluntary control
skeletal muscle
found only in the heart, acts as pump, propelling the blood into the blood vessels
cardiac muscle
junctions in cardiac muscle
intercalated disks
found mainly in the walls of all hollow organs except the heart, no striations, uninucleate spindle shaped cells
smooth muscle
tissue composd of two major cell populations
nervous tissue
two types of cell populations in nervous tissue
neuroglia and neurons
special supporting cell that protect, support, and insulate neurons
neurolglia
highly specialized to receive stimuli and to conduct impulses to all parts of the body
neurons
what organ system is the skin
integumentary system
functions of the skin
protect, insulate, cushions, mini excretory system, metabolic duties, vitamin D synthesis, contains cutaneous sense organs, regulates heat loss from body
two distinct regions of the skin
epidermis
dermis
epidermis composed of
epithelium
dermis composed of
connective tissue
immediately deep to dermis is
hypodermis or subucutaneous tissue
most epidermal cells are
keratinocytes
what do keratinocytes produce
keratin
what is keratin
tough fibrous protein that gives epidermis its durability and protective capabilities
Deepest layer of epidermis
stratum basale
layer above statum basale
stratum spinosum
what is stratum basale layer
single row of cells that abuts the dermis, constantly undergoes cell division to produce new cells daily
about a quarter of the cells in stratum basale layer are what
melanocytes
melanocytes are what
produce melanin that gives skin pigmentation
what is stratum spinosum layer
cells appear spiky
What is layer above stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
what is stratum granulosum
abundent granules in its cells, in this layer begin to die
layer above stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
what is stratum lucidum
thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes
what is outermost layer of skin
stratum corneum
what is stratum corneum
20-30 cell layers thick and cells are dead and flattened scalelike remnants and are full of keratin
two regions of dermis
papillary and reticular
what is superficial layer of the dermis
papillary layer
what is papillary layer
very uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface
fingerlike projections of papillary layer
dermal papillae
dermal papillae produce what
fingerprints
what are the pain and touch receptors found in papillary layer
meissners corpuscles
what is deepest layer of dermis
reticular layer
what is contained in reticular layer
sebaceous and sweat glands, pressure receptors (pacinian corpuscles), blood vessels
ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched
tactile localization
rate of receptor response slows and our conscious awareness of the stimulus declines or is lost until some type of stimulus changes
adaption
two types of cutaneous glands
sebaceous oil glands
sweat glands
sebaceous glands are found where
all over the skin except for the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
product of sebaceous glands
sebum
function of sebum
lubricate the skin and keep soft and moist
epithelial openings, the outlets for the sweat glands
pores
where are sweat glands found
all over the posy
sweat glands produce
clear perspiration, consisting primarily of water, salts, and urea
what glands found chiefly in axillary and genital areas
apocrine glands
apocrine glands secrete
milky protein and fat-rich substance containing water, salts, and urea
hair is found where
all over body except palms of hands, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples, and lips
hair is enclosed in what
hair follicle
hair enclosed within the follicle is what
root
portion of hair projecting from the skin
shaft
base of the follicle
hair bulb
small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each hair follicle to the dermis
arrector pili
skeleton is constructed of two supportive tissues
cartilage and bone
functions of skeleton
system of levers for muscles to move body
bones store lipids and minerals
provide a site for blood cell formation
skeleton has two main subdivision
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
bone surfaces are not featureless and smooth but are scarred with an array of bumps, holes, ridges called
bone markings
two categories of bone markings
projections and depressions
what are projections
processes that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints
what are depressions
indentations or openings in the bone that serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels
total bones in human adult body
206
two basic kinds of osseous bone tissue
compact and spongy
compact tissue is what
dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
spongy tissue is what
composed of small trabeculae of bone and lots of open space
Four classifications of bone
long, short, flat, irregular
what are long bones
much longer than they are wide and consist of a shaft with heads at either end
long bones are typically what tissue
compact
what are short bones
typically cube shaped
short bones are typically what tissue
more spongy than compact bone
what are flat bones
generally thin
flat bones are typically what tissue
layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
what are irregular bones
bones that do not fall into one of previous categories
shaft of bone
diaphysis
fibrous membrane that covers the bone surface
periosteum
fibers of periosteum penetrating into the bone
sharpey’s fibers or perforating fibers
end of the long bone
epipyshis
covers the epiphyseal surface in place of periosteum
articular cartilage
function of articular cartilage
provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces
a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for growth in bone length
epiphyseal plate
in adults epiphyseal plate becomes
epiphyseal line
central cavity of the shaft is a storage region for
adipose tissue or yellow marrow
in the infant, central marrow cavities store what
red marrow
in adults what is stored in ephyses
red marrow
lining of the medullary cavity
endosteum
Central canal runs parallel to long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels and nerves through the bony matrix
central canal
chamber in the bone cell
lacunae
lacunae houses what
osteocytes
lacunae are arranged in circles around central canal called what
lamellae
central canal and all the lamellae are referred to as
osteon or Haversian system
tiny canals running from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and from lamella to lamella
canalicli
canals run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum at right angles to the shaft
perforating canals
3 parts of the axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
two sets of bones in skull
cranial bones, facial bones
anterior portion of cranium, forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit and anterior part of cranial floor
frontal bone
posterior and lateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium
parietal bone
midline articulation point of the two parietal bones
sagittal suture
point where the pareitals meet the frontal bone
coronal suture
inferior to the parietal bone on lateral part of the skull
temporal bone
point where the temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone
squamous suture
a bridgelike projection that joins the zygomatic bone anteriorly
zygomatic process
zygomatic process and zygomatic bone form
zygomatic arch
canal leading to eardrum
external acoustic meatus
needle like projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck
styloid
rough projection inferior and posterior to external auditory meatus, an attachment site for muscles
mastoid process
opening medial to styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves pass
juglar foramen
opening medial to styloid process that allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity
carotid canal
opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing cranial nerves to pass
internal acoustic meatus
most posterior bone of cranium, forms the floor and back wall, joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly
occipital bone
point of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bones
lambdoid suture
large opening in base of occipital that allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
foramen magnum
rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebrae
occipital condyles
bat shaped bone forming a plateu across the width of the skull
sphenoid bone
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull anterior to the temporal bones. form part of the orbits of the eye
greater wings
a saddle shaped region the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland
sella turcica
bat shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica
lesser wings
opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve to pass
foramen ovale
allows the optic nerve to pass
optic canal
transmits cranial nerves to the eye
superior orbital fissure
vertical projection to which the dura mater attaches
crista galli
irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid, forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, part of the medial orbit walls
ethmoid bone
bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
cribriform plates
thin delicately coied plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. the conchae increase the surfae area of the mucosa that covers them
superior and middle nasal conchae
form the base for the muscles of the face which allow us to show our feelings and to chew
facial bones
lower jawbone, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull
mandible
horizaontal portion that forms chin
mandible body
vertical extension of the body on either side
ramus mandible
superior margin of mandible contains sockets for the lower teeth
alveolar margin
two bones fused in a median suture, form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits
maxillae
inferior margin contianing sockets in which teet lie
alveolar margin
form the anterior hard palate
palatine processes
paired bones posterior to the palatine processes, form the posterior hard palate and part of the orbit
palatine bone
fingernail sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid
lacrimal bone
small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
nasal bone
blad shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms most of the nasal septum
vomer (plow)
thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
inferior nasal concae
located in the throat above the larynx and is the point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles
hyoid bone
hyoid bone is horseshoe shaped with a body and two pairs of horns called
cornua
four skull bones lead into sinuses called
paranasal sunuses
function of paranasal sinuses
lighten facial bones and act as resonance chambers for the voice
fibrous membranes between the bones of the fetal skull which allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth and allow for brain growth
fontanels
what is the spine
vertebral column
consists of how many vertebrae
24
of the 24 what are the three types and how many
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
individual vertebrae are separated by pads of fibrocartilage that absorb shock while providing the spine flexibility
intervertebral discs
part of vertebrae composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body
vertebral arch
opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes
vertebral foramen
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
transverse processes
single posterior projection from the vertebral arch
spinous process
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebre to articulate with one another
superior and inferior articular processes
what is c1
atlas
what is unique about the atlas
lacks a body and its lateral processes contian large depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. allows nodding yes
what is c2
axis
what is unique about the axis
acts a pivot point for rotation of the atlas above. large vertical process called dens
thoracic vertibrae have what unique identifying feature
costal demifacets that articulate with the heads of the corresponding ribs
formd from the fusion of five vertebrae, is the posterior border of the pelvis
sacrum
remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae
median sacral crest
wingike articulate laterally with the hip bones forming the sacroiliac joints
alae
paried _____ are evidence that the sacrum is formed of separate fused vertebrae and serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves
sacral foramina
vertebral canal continues in sacrum as
sacral canal
vertebral canal terminates near the coccyx in the
sacral hiatus
is composed of the sternum ribs and thoracic vertebrae
bony thorax
bony thorax is also referred to as
thoracic cage
a typical flat bone is a result of the fusion of three bones
sternum
three bones of sterunum tope to bottom
manubriem, body, xiphoid process
looks like the knot of a tie
manubrium
sternum attaches to how many ribs
first 7
forms most of hte sternum
body
inferior end of the sternum
xiphoid process
forms the walls of the thoracic cage
twelve pairs of ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs are called
true ribs
true ribs are what
directly attach to the sternum by their own costal cartilages
next 5 pairs are called
false ribs
numbers 8-10 are what type of false rib
indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum
11-12 are what type of false ribs
floating ribs and have no sternal attachment
is composed of the 126 bones of the appendages and the pectoral and pelvic girdles which attach limbs to the axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
each consist of two bones- a clavical and a scapula
pectoral or shoulder girdles
what do shoulder girdles anchor
upper limbs to the axial skeleon and provide attachment points for many trunk and neck muscles
slender, doubly curved bone, convex forward medially and concave forward laterally
clavicle
medial end of clavicle attaches to what
sternal manubrium
lateral end of clavicle attaches to what
flattened where is articulates with the scapula to form part of the shoulder joint
generally triabgular, flattened body and two oportant processes
scapulae
two processes of scapula
acromion and coracoid process
enlarged end of the spine of the scapula
acromion
beaklike pointing over the tip of the shoulder joint
coracoid process
three angles of the scapula
superior inferior and lateral
three named borners
superior medial and lateral
a shallow soket that receives the head of the arm bone, is located in the lateral angle
glenoid cavity
single bone of the arm
humerus
two prominances on the humerus that are separated by a groove and guides the tendon of the biceps muscle to its point of attachment
greater and lesser tubercles
groove separating greater and lesser tubercles
intertubercular sulcas
roughedned area midshaft of the humerus
deltoid tuberosity
function for deltoid tuberosity
attachment site for deltoid
articulates with the ulna, distal end of the humerus, looks like spool
trochlea
articulates with the radius of the forearm
capitulum
condyles are flanked medially and lateraly by
epicondyles
above the trochlea is
coronoid fossa
on the posterior surface of humerus on distal end is
olecranon fossa
coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa ufunction
corresponding processes of the ulna to move freely when the elbow is flexed and extended
two bones of forearm
ulna and radius
which bone is in lateral position
radius
radius and ulna are joined along length by
interosseous membrane
medially just below the head is an area where the tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm attaches
radial tuberosity
medial bone of the forearm
ulna
proximal end of ulna bears the anterior
coronoid process
the proximal end of ulna bears the posterior
olecranon process
coronoid and olecranon process are separated by
trochlear notch
the slimmer distal end bears a small medial notch which anchors some ligaments of the wrist
syloid process
seleton of the hand includes what three groups of bones
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
proximal portion of the hand
carpus
the 8 bones of the carpus
carpals
bones that radiate out from the wrist like spokes to form the palm of the hand
metacarpals
14 bones of the fingers are called
phalanges
pelvic girdle is formed by two what
coxal hip bones
two coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx form
bony pelvis
coxal bone is fusion of what three bones
ilium, ichium, pubis
large flaring bone that forms most of coxal bone
ilium
ilium connects posterioly with sacrum at
sacroiliac joint
superior margin of the iliac bone
iliac crest
iliac crest terminates anterioly in the
anterior superior iliac spine
iliac crest terminates posteriorly in the
posterior superior iliac spine
forms the inferior portion of the coxal bone
ischium
receives the weight of the body when we sit
ischial tuberosity
superior to the ischial tuberosity is this important anatomincal landmark
ischial spine
allows the hugh sciatic nerve to pass to and from the thigh
greater sciatic notch
is the most anterior part of the coxal bone
pubis
fusion of the rami of the pubic bone anteriorly and the ischium posterioly forms a bar of bone enclosing the
obturator foramen
what runs through the obturator foramen
small blood vessels and nerves
two pubic bones meet to form
pubic symphysis
deep hemispherical socket call where femur joins
acetabulum
superior portion bounded by the ilia laterally and the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae posterioly
false pelvis
inferior region that is almost entirely surround by bone, its posterior boundary is the sacrum
true pelvis
superior most margin of the true pelvis
pelvic inlet or pelvic brim
is the iferior margin of the true pelvis
pelvic outlet
thigh bone
femur
junction of the shaft and neck
greater and lesser trochanters
greater and lesser trochanters separated by groove
intertrochanteric crest
area located on the shaft for muscle attachment
gluteal tuberosity
distally the femur terminates in the
lateral and medial condyles
two bones form the leg
tibia and fibula
tibia and fibula are joined together by
interosseous membrane
shinbone
tibia
at the proximal end of tibia are
mdial and lateral condyles
medial and lateral condyles separated by
intercondylar eminence
roughed protrusion on the anterior tibial surface, attachment site for the patellar ligament
tibial tuberosity
tibia articulates with the talus bone of the foot and a process called
medial malleolus
sharpened crest of the tibia
anterior border
head of fibula articulates with
lateral condyle of the tibia
fibula terminates with
lateral malleolus
bones of the foot 3 types
7 tarsal
5 metatarsal
14 phalanges
what are two functions of joints or articulations
1) hold bones together
2) allow skeleton flexibility
structural classifications (3)
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovil joints
functional classifications 3
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
synarthroses are what type
immovable
amphiarthroses are what type
slightly movable
diarthroses are what type
freely movable joints
bones joined by fibrous tissue
fibrous joints
type of movement of fibrous joints
virtually no movement
two types of fibrous joints
sutures and syndesmoses
sutures are what
irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by short connective tissue fibers
what is syndesmoses
articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue, the bones do not interlock
bones ends are connected by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
type of cartilaginous joint movements
slightly movable
important type of cartilaginous joint
symphysis
symphysis joint is what
connected by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage
bone ends separate dby a joint cavity contianing synovial fluid
synovia joints
type of movement in synovial joints
freely movable
structural characteristics of synovial joints 5
1)joint surfaces are enclosed by a two-layered articular capsule
2) outer part of capsule is dense CT while inside is lines with smooth CT which produces synovial fluid
3)articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
articular capsule is reinforced with ligaments and may contain bursae
three types of range of motion of synovial joints
uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
articulating surfaces are flat of slightly curved in one or two planes
plane
rounded process of one bone fits into the concave surface of another to allow movement in one plane
hinge
rounded or conical surface of one bone articulates with a shallow depression or forament in another bone
pivot
oval vondyle of bone fits into an oval depression in another bone
condyloid
articulating surfaces are saddle shaped
saddle
the ball shaped head of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another
ball and socket
KNOW TYPES OF MOVEMENT
flexion extension rotation abduction adduction circumduction dorsiflexion plantar flexion inversion eversion pronation supination
the bulk of the bodys muscle
skeletal muscle
when nuclei are pushed to the side longitudinally
myofibrils
smaller threadlike structures that make up myofibirls
myofilaments
myofilaments are composed of two proteins
actin and myosin
contractile unit of muscle
sarcomers
each muscle is composed in a delicate connective tissue sheath called
endomysium
several sheathed muscle fibers are wrapped by a collagenic membrane called
perimysium
perimysium wrapped fiber bundles are called
fascicles
large number of fascicles are bound by what
epimysium
epimysia belind into strong cordlike tendons called
aponeuroses
muscle more movable attachment is called
insertion
muscle fixed point
origin
junvtion between a nerve fiber and a muscle cells is
neuromuscular or myonerural juncion
motor axon breaks into many branches called
axon terminals
a neruron and all the muscle cells it stimulate make up the functional structure called
motor unit
neuron and muscle fibers are separated by a small fluid filled gap called
synaptic celft
three directional names of muscles
rectus, transvers, oblique
relative size of the muscle names
maximus, mminimus, longus, brevis
location of the muscle
named for bone it overlies
number of origins
biceps, triceps, quadriceps
location of muscles origin and insertion
ex ) sternoclastinoid
shape of the muscle
deltoid= triangular
trapezius=trapezoid
action of the muscle
prime movers or agonists, or antagonists, synergists, fixators
muscles primarily responsible for producing a particular movement
prime movers
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
antagonists
aid the action of prime moveres by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement
synergists
specialized synergists that immovilize the origin of a prime mover so that all the tension is exerted at the insertion
fixators
KNOW ALL THE MUSCLES
BECAUSE ITS IMPORTANT
two major cell of nervous tissue
neurons and supporting cells
another name for supporting cells
microglia ofr glial cells
specialized to transmit messages from one part of the body to another
neurons
structure parts of a neuron
cell body, fibers, nuclei
clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglia
neuron processes orunning through the CNS form what
tracts of white matter
neurone processes running through the PNS form what
peripheral nerves
neuron processes that conduct electrical currents toward the cell body
dendrites
neuron procces that carry eectrical impuslses away from the cell body
axons
area of neuron where neurotransmitters are stored
axon terminals
each axon terminal is separated from the cell body of the next neuron by a tiny gap called
synaptic cleft
most long nerve fibers are covered with a fatty material called
myelin
myelin covered fibers are called
myelinated fibers
axons in the peripheral nervous system are myelinated by special supporting cells called
schwann cells
schwann cells wrap around fiber to form
myelin sheath
part of the schwann cell external to the myelin sheath is referred to as
neurorilemma
gaps between teh schwann cells are
nodes of ranvier
neuron with one verys short process which divides into distal and proximal
uniplar neurons
neuron has two processes one axon and one dendrite attached to cell body
bipolar neuron
neuron where many processes issue from cell bondy and one is single axon
multipolar neurons
neurons carrying impulses from the sensory receptors are called
sensory or afferent neurons
neurons carrying activating impuses from CNS are called
motor neurons or efferent
third functional category of neurons is
interneurons or association neurons
within a nerve each fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath called
endoneurium
groups of fibers are bound by what to form bundles
perineurium
what are the bundles called
fascicles
what are all fascicles bound by
epineurium
nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers are
mixed nerves
two divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervus system
central nervous system composed of
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nercous system
cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors
most superior part of the brain
cerebral hemisphers
elevated ridges of the brain
gyri
depressed areas of the brain
fissues or sulci
cerebral hemisphers divided in half by
longitudinal fissure
line dividing frontal lobe from parietal lobe
central sulvus
separates temporal lobe from the paretal lobe
lateral sulcus
divides the occipital lobe from the parietal love
parietoocipital sulcus
anterior to the primary motor area
premotor area
region that stores the instructions for seqences of mtor activity
premotor area
motor speech area found at the base of the primary motor area
brocas area
outermost gray matter of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
most of the balance of cerebral tissue consists of fibers tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex
cerebral white matter
most superior portion of the brain stem
diencephalon
consists primarily of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lwer CNS centers
pons
lowest brain stem region
medulla oblongata
large cauliflowerlike projection dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerbrum
cerebellum
two superior prominence are visual reflex centers while the two inferior are audiotry reflex centers
corpora quadrigemina
major fiber tract connnecting the cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres are several islands of gray matter called
nuclei
helps regulate voluntary motor activities, important nuclei
basal nuclei
consists of two large lobes of gray matter that laterally enclose the shallow third ventricle of the brain
thalamus
a stalk of thalamic tissue that connects the two lobes and spans the ventricle
intermediate mass
makes up the floor of the third ventricle
hypothalamus
hangs from the floor of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk
pituitary gland
bylges exteriorly from the floor of the hypothalamus ust posterior to the pituitary gland
mammillary bodies
form the rood of the third ventricle
epithalamus
capillary knots within each ventricle form cerbrospinal fluid
choioid plexus
slender canal traveling through the mdibrain
cerebral aqueduct
treelike branching of the cerebellar white matter is called
arbor viae
brain is covered and protected by three connective tissue membranes called
meninges
outermost membrane is leathry double layered
dura mater
one or the layers of the dura mater attached to the inner surface of the skull
periosteal layer
one layer of the dura mater covering outermost brain
meningeal layer
dips into the longitudinal fissure toa ttach to the crista gallie
falx cerebri
cavity createrd at the falx cerebri is the
superior sagittal sius
what is middle meninge
arachnoid mater
arachnoid mater underlies the dura mater is is partially separated by what
subdural space
innermost meninge membrane
pia mater
specialized projections of the arachnoid tissue protrude through tehdura mater to allow cerbrosppinal fluid to dran back into the venous blood
arachnoid villi
cerebrospinal fluid is flormed by
choroid plexuses
collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is called
cauda equina
cross sectiion of the spinal cord that looks like a butterfly
gray matter
two posterior projectios of the butterfly
dorsal horns
two broader anterior projections
ventral horns
in thoracic an dlumbar regions there is later gray matter referred to as
lateral horn
central area of gray matter
central canal
dorsal orns contain association neurons and sensory fibers that enter the cord via the
dorsa root
cell bodies of these sensory neurons are found in enlarged area of the dorsal root called
dorsal root ganglion
ventral horns contian cell bodies of morot neurons of the somatic nerous system which send their axons out via the
ventral root
the dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form
the spinal nerves
part of spinal cord composed of myelinated fibers most running to or from higher centers
white matter
three regions of the white matter
posterior, lateral, anterior columns
white column contains a number of fiber ________ composed of axons with the same origin, destination, and function
tracts
almost timmediately after emergioing each nerve divides into
dorsa and ventral rami
the ventral rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 pass anteriorly as
intercostal nerves
the ventral rami of all other spinal nerves form complex nerve networks called
plexuses
arises from the ventral rami of C1 through C5 and supplies muscles of the shoulder and neck
cervical plexus
major motor brand of cervical plexus is
phrenic nerve
arising from the ventral rami of C5 through C8 and T1 is
brachial plexus
brachial plexus divided into 5 major peripheral nerves
radial, median, axillary, musculocutaneous, ulnar
arises from ventral rami of L1 through L4
lumbar plexus
largest nerve of lumbar plexus
femoral nerve
arises from L4 through S4
sacral plexus
major peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus
sciatic nerve
the sciatic nerve divides into two nerves in the popliteal region
common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
reflexes are rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli and occur over neural pathways called
reflex arcs
reflexes not subject to conscious control
autonomic reflexes
reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscles
somatic reflexes
5 steps of reflex arc
receptor reacts to stimulus
sensory neuron conducts afferent impuls to CNS
integration center consists of one or more synapse
motor neuron conducts efferent impuls to effector
effector muscle or gland responds
two neuron reflex arc
monosynaptic
one or more neurons in the rele arc
polysynaptic
used to describe the point of close contact between the neurons or a neuron and an effector cell
synaspe
important postural reflexes that act to maintain posture, balance, and locomotion
stretch reflexes
intiated by stimulation of receptors in the ski and mucosae
superficial cord reflexes
consensual reflex
sensed on one side and not the other
other side has been stimulated
contralateral response
occuring on the same side stimulated and not the other
ipsilateral response
