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Anatomy Lab > Week 2 Study Cards > Flashcards

Week 2 Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two most supportive tissues found in the human body?

A

cartilage and bone

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2
Q

In embryos, what is the skeleton mainly composed of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

In adults, what is the skeleton mainly composed of?

A

rigid bone

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4
Q

What are functions of the skeleton?

A

1) system of levers the skeletal muscles use to move the body
2) bones store lipids and many minerals
3) bones provide a site for blood cell formation in their red marrow cavities

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5
Q

What are the to subdivisions of the skeleton?

A

axial structure

appendicular skeleton

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6
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

bones that form the body’s longitudinal axis

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7
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the girdles and limbs

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8
Q

What are the scarred array of bumps holes and ridges in the bones?

A

bone markings

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9
Q

What are the two categories that bone markings fall into?

A

projections or depressions

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10
Q

What are projections of the bone

A

process that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachments or help form joints

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11
Q

What are depressions of the bone?

A

indentations, openings in the bone that serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels

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12
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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13
Q

What are the two basic kinds of osseous tissue that differ in texture?

A

compact and spongy

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14
Q

What is compact osseous tissue?

A

dense and looks smooth and homogenous

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15
Q

What is spongy bone tissue?

A

small trabeculae of bone and lots of open spaces

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16
Q

What are the four groups that bones can be classified in?

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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17
Q

What are long bones. Give some examples.

A

bones that are longer than they are wide and generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end. Comprised of mostly compact bone. Examples: femur, phalanges

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18
Q

What are short bones. Give some examples.

A

cube-shaped and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone. tarsals and carpals

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19
Q

What are flat bones. Give some examples

A

thin with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two waferlike layers of compact bone. Example: skull are flat bones

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20
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

vertebrae and others that do not fall into one of the preceding categories

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21
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

shaft of the bone

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22
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

fibrous membrane that covers the bone surface

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23
Q

What are perforating fibers/ Sharpey’s fibers?

A

fibers of the periosteum penetrate into the bone

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24
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

end of the long bone. thin layer of compact bone enclosing spongy bone

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25
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum. composed of glassy hyaline cartilage and provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces

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26
Q

What is epiphyseal plate?

A

a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for growth in bone length

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27
Q

In becoming an adult the epiphyseal plate goes away and forms what?

A

epipyseal lines

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28
Q

What are epiphyseal lines?

A

discernible remnants of the epiphyseal plate

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29
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

storage region for adipose tissue

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30
Q

What is red marrow?

A

found in infants and is involved in forming blood cells, found in the central marrow cavities

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31
Q

What is endosteum?

A

lines the medulary cavity

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32
Q

What is the central (Haversian) canal?

A

central canal runs parallel to long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels and nerves through the body matrix

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33
Q

What is lacunae?

A

chambers

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34
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells

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35
Q

What are lamellae?

A

osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around the central canal

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36
Q

What is the central canal and all the lamellae surrounding it referred to as?

A

osteon or Haversian system

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37
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

tiny canals running from a central canal to the lucunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella

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38
Q

What are perforating (Volkmann’s) canals?

A

canals that run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum, at right angles to the shaft

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39
Q

What are the three parts of the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column and bony thorax

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40
Q

What are the two bone sets that make up the skull?

A

cranial bones

facial bones

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41
Q

What are the interlocking joints of the bones in the skull called?

A

sutures

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42
Q

What bone is attached to the skull with freely movable joints?

A

mandible

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43
Q

How many flat bones construct the cranium?

A

eight

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44
Q

What is the function of the cranium?

A

to enclose and protect the brain

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45
Q

What is the frontal bone?

A

front portion of the cranium, forms forehead, superior part of the orbit, and anterior part of cranial floor

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46
Q

What is the parietal bone?

A

posterior and lateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium

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47
Q

What is saggital suture?

A

midline articulation point of the two parietal bones

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48
Q

What is coronal suture?

A

point where the parietals meet the frontal bone

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49
Q

What is the temporal bone?

A

inferior to parietal bone of lateral part of skull

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50
Q

What is squamous suture?

A

point where temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone

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51
Q

What is zygomatic process?

A

a bridgelike projection that joins the zygmotic bone anteriorly. Together these two bones form zygomatic arch

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52
Q

What is external acoustic meatus?

A

canal leading to eardrum

53
Q

What is styloid process?

A

Needle like projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck

54
Q

What is mastoid process?

A

rough projection inferior and posterior to external auditory meatus, an attachment site for muscles

55
Q

What is the jagular foramen?

A

Opening medial to styloaid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves pass

56
Q

What is the carotid canal?

A

Opening medial to the styloid process that allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity

57
Q

What is the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing cranial nerves to pass

58
Q

What is the occipital bone?

A

most posterior bone of the cranium: forms the floor and back wall, joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly

59
Q

What is lambdoid suture?

A

point of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bone

60
Q

What is foramen magnum?

A

large opening in base of occipital that allows the spinal cord to join with the brain

61
Q

What is occipital condyles?

A

rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra

62
Q

What is the sphenoid bone?

A

bat shaped bone forming a plateau across the width of the skull

63
Q

What are the greater wings?

A

portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones. Form part of the orbits of the eyes

64
Q

What are the sella turcica? (turk’s saddle)

A

A saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland

65
Q

What are the lesser wings?

A

bat shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sell turcica

66
Q

What are the foramen ovale?

A

opening posterior to the sell turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve to pass

67
Q

What is the optic canal?

A

allows optic nerve to pass

68
Q

What is the superior orbital fissure?

A

transmits cranial nerves to the eye

69
Q

What is the ethmoid bone?

A

irregularly shaped bone anterior to sphenoid. Forms roof of nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls

70
Q

What is crista galli? (cock’s comb)

A

Vertical projection to which the dura mater attaches

71
Q

What is cribriform plates?

A

bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa

72
Q

What is the supperior and middle nasal conchae?

A

Thin delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity

73
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

to increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them, warming and humidifying the air breathed in

74
Q

What is the mandible?

A

lower jawbone, ariculates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull

75
Q

What is the body of the facial bones?

A

horizontal portions, forms the chin

76
Q

What is the ramus of the facial bones?

A

vertical extension of the body on either side

77
Q

What is the alveolar margin of the facial bones?

A

superior margin of mandible, contains sockets for the lower teeth

78
Q

What is the maxillae?

A

two bones fused in a median suture and form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits

79
Q

What is the palatine process?

A

forms the anterior hard palate

80
Q

What is the palatine bone?

A

paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form the posterior hard palate and part of the orbit

81
Q

What is the zygomatic bone?

A

Lateral to the maxilla; forms the part of the face commonly called the cheekbone and part of lateral orbit

82
Q

What is lacrimal bone?

A

fingernail-sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Passage way for tears

83
Q

What is the nasal bone?

A

small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

84
Q

What is the vomer?

A

blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms most of the nasal septum

85
Q

What does vomer mean?

A

plow

86
Q

What is the inferior nasal concae?

A

thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

87
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

located in the throat above the larynx and is the point of attachment for tongue and neck muscle. Has two pairs of horns

88
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

In the throat, not considered a part of the skull

89
Q

What are the horns on the hyoid bone called?

A

cornua

90
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

A

maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal

91
Q

Which is the largest sinus?

A

maxillary

92
Q

What is the function of the sinuses?

A

make skull lighter, voice resonance

93
Q

What are fontanels in babies?

A

fibrous membranes between the bones of a fetal skull to allow compression during birth and brain growth later in life

94
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

spine

95
Q

How many single bones are composed in the vertebral column? What are the other two bones that compose it and what are the single bones called?

A

24 vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum

96
Q

The vertebral column can be broken down into three section, what are they and how many bones in each one?

A 
cervical vertebrae (very top)-7
thoracic vertebrae (middle)-12
lumbar vertebrae (lower)-5
97
Q

What are the individual vertebrae separated by

A

pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs

98
Q

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

A

absorb shock while providing the spine flexibility

99
Q

What is the structure of intervertebral discs?

A

outside ring that is tough collagen fibers that aid in stabilization of disk and central gelatinous region that behaves like a fluid

100
Q

What are three abnormal spine curvatures?

A

scoliosis- s curve
kyphosis-humpback
lordosis-gut forward

101
Q

What is the vertebral arch?

A

composed of pedicles, laminae, and spinous process, it represents junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body

102
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes

103
Q

What is the transverse processes?

A

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

104
Q

What is the spinous process?

A

single posterior projection from the vertebral arch

105
Q

What is the superior and inferior articular processes?

A

paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another

106
Q

What do the seven cervical vertebrae form?

A

the neck

107
Q

What is the first of the cervical vertebrae called and what is its specific function?

A

atlas. lacks a body and contains large depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. enables you to nod yes

108
Q

What is the second of the cervical vertebrae called and what is its specific function?

A

axis. It acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas above

109
Q

What is the large vertical process of the axis called?

A

dens. these act as the pivot point

110
Q

Which vertebrae is considered vertebra prominens and why?

A

the seventh from the top because it is mos prominent

111
Q

The next 12 form the thoracic vertebrae. What is different between cervical and thoracic?

A

they are larger and have a bigger body

112
Q

What are characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae body?

A

heart shaped, with two small articulating surfaces on each side that articulate with the heads of the ribs

113
Q

What are characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae body?

A

massive blocklike bodies and short thick hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly backward. They are most sturdy of all vertebrae due to stress

114
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae and is the posterior border of the pelvis

115
Q

What is the median sacral crest?

A

remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae

116
Q

What are the winglike alae?

A

articulate laterally with the hip bones forming the sacroiliac joints

117
Q

What is the sacral foramina?

A

passageways in the sacrum for blood vessels and nerves

118
Q

What is the savral canal?

A

the end of the sacrum that terminates near the coccyx in the sacral hiatus

119
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

fusion of three to five small irregularly shaped vertebrae and forms the tailbone

120
Q

What is the bony thorax?

A

composed of sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

121
Q

What is the bony thorax also referred to as?

A

thoracic cage

122
Q

What is the sternum? What three parts is it composed of?

A

fusion of three bones to form a flat bone and is attached to the first seven pairs of ribs. it is the breastbone. The three parts are manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

123
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

looks like a knot of a tie. articulates with the clavicle (collarbone)

124
Q

What does the body form?

A

the sternum

125
Q

What does the xiphoid process form?

A

the inferior end of the sternum

126
Q

How many pairs of ribs form the walls of the thoracic cage?

A

12

127
Q

What are true ribs and how many are there?

A

7 of them. they attach directly to the sternum by their own cartilage

128
Q

What are false ribs and how many are there?

A

5 of them. They do not directly attach to the sternum by their own carilage
3 of them attach, 2 are floating ribs

129
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

the two bottom pairs that have no sternal attachment

Anatomy Lab (11 decks)

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