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Anatomy Lab > Week 5 Study Cards > Flashcards

Week 5 Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of what two principal cell populations?

A

neurons and supporting cells

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2
Q

What are other names for supporting cells?

A

neuroglia or glial cells

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3
Q

What is CNS?

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

What is PNS?

A

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What are neurons/ functions?

A

specialized cells to transmit messages from one part of the body to another

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6
Q

What are structures of the neurons?

A

cell body, nuclei, ganglia

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7
Q

What are the extensions of the neurons called?

A

processes or fibers

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8
Q

What is ganglia?

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

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9
Q

What do neurons make up in the nervous system?

A

gray matter

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10
Q

What do the neuron processes form in the CNS?

A

tracts of white matter

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11
Q

What do the neuron processes form in the PNS?

A

peripheral nerves

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12
Q

Other than the nucleus what is the other large dot in the cell body?

A

nucleolus

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13
Q

What is the neurons cytoplasm composed of?

A

neurofibrils with rough ER called Nissl bodies

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14
Q

What are neuron processes that conduct electrical currents toward the cell body called?

A

dendrites

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15
Q

What are neuron processes that conduct electrical currents away from the cell body?

A

axons

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16
Q

How many axons do neurons have?

A

one

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17
Q

How is a neuron excited?

A

by signal or other neurons

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18
Q

What is the end of the axon called?

A

axon terminal

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19
Q

The axon terminals store what?

A

neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What is the tiny gap that separates an axon terminal and dendrites?

A

synaptic cleft

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21
Q

What is the fatty material that covers long nerve fibers?

A

myelin

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22
Q

What are myelin fibers referred to as?

A

myelinated

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23
Q

What are the special cells that mylinate the axons?

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

How do schwann cells work?

A

wrap themselves around the outside of axon with nucleus on outside

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25
Q

What encompases the cell once the schwann cell wraps

A

myelin sheath

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26
Q

What is the myelin sheath composed of?

A

tight core of plasma membrane material

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27
Q

What is the part of the schwann cell external to the myelin sheath called?

A

neurilemma

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28
Q

What are the gaps between the schwann cells called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

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29
Q

What determines the structural classification of neuron cells?

A

How many processes are attached to cell body

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30
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

One very short process which divides into distal and proximal that extend away from cell body

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31
Q

What is bipolar neurons?

A

one axon and one dendrite attached to the cell body

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32
Q

What are multipolar neurons

A

all are dendrites except for a single axon

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33
Q

What are neurons that carry impulses from the sensory receptors in the internal organs or in the skin called?

A

sensory, afferent neurons

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34
Q

What are motor or efferent neurons?

A

Neurons that carry activating impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

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35
Q

What are interneurons or association neurons?

A

situated in pathways that connect sensory and motor neurons. Their cell bodies are always located within the CNS and they are multipolar

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36
Q

What is each fiber of a nerve surrounded by?

A

endoneurium

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37
Q

What are groups of fibers bound by?

A

perineurium

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38
Q

What do these groups of fibers surrounded by perineurium form?

A

fascicle bundles

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39
Q

What are all fascicles bound together by?

A

epineurium

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40
Q

What are neurons that carry both sensory and motor fibers called?

A

mixed nerves

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41
Q

What are nerves that only carry sensory processes and conduct impulses only toward the CNS?

A

sensory or afferent nerves

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42
Q

What are nerves that only carry motor fibers?

A

motor or efferent nerves

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43
Q

What are the two principal divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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44
Q

What consists of the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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45
Q

What consists of the peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors

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46
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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47
Q

What is the most superior part of the brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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48
Q

What is gyri?

A

elevated ridges of the brain surface

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49
Q

What separates gyri?

A

fissures or sulci

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50
Q

What fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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51
Q

What divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus

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52
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

lateral sulcus

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53
Q

What divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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54
Q

Where is the primary somatic sensory area located?

A

in the parietal lobe posterior to the central fissure

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55
Q

Where is the primary motor area? What is its function?

A

allow us to consciously move our skeletal muscles and is anterior to the central fissure in the frontal lobe

56
Q

Where is the premotor area? What is its function?

A

region that stores the instructions for sequences of motor activity located anterior of primary motor area

57
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

specialized motor speech area found at base of primary motor area above the lateral sulcus

58
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

outermost gray matter of cerebrum

59
Q

What is the cerebral white matter?

A

fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex

60
Q

What is the most superior portion of the brain stem?

A

diencephalon

61
Q

What is cerebral peduncles?

A

fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting the pons below with cerebrum above

62
Q

What does pons mean?

A

bridge

63
Q

What are the pons?

A

consists of primarily of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS centers

64
Q

What is the lowest brain stem region?

A

medulla oblongata

65
Q

What does the medulla house?

A

vital autonomic centers involved in the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, respiratory rhythm and blood pressure

66
Q

What is the structure of the thalamus?

A

two large lobes of gray matter that laterally enclose the shallow third ventricle of the brain

67
Q

What is intermediate mass/ function?

A

stalk of thalamic tissue, connecting two lobes and spans the ventricle

68
Q

What is function of thalamus?

A

relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cortical sensory areas

69
Q

What makes up the third ventricle?

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

important autonomic center involved in body temperature regulation and water balance

71
Q

Where is hypothalamus located?

A

pituitary gland

72
Q

What is the mamillary bodies?

A

relay stations for olfaction, bulge exteriorly from the floor of the hypothalamus just posterior to the pituitary gland

73
Q

What forms the roof of the third ventricle?

A

epithalamus

74
Q

What are important structures of the thalamus?

A

pineal gland and choroid plexus

75
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

slender canal traveling through the midbrain, connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla below

76
Q

What is the treelike branching of the cerebellar white matter

A

arbor vitae

77
Q

What are the connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the brain?

A

meninges

78
Q

What is the outermost membrane?

A

dura mater

79
Q

The dura mater has two layers what are they?

A

periosteal layer and meningeal layer

80
Q

The dura mater is fused together except for three areas such as one fold that hold it in place in skull. What is name of fold?

A

falx cerebri

81
Q

Where does falx cerebri attach?

A

to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone of the skull

82
Q

What is the cavity created by the falx cerebri attachment?

A

superior sagittal sinus

83
Q

What is the middle membrane?

A

arachnoid mater

84
Q

What space separates the arachnoid and dura mater?

A

subdural space

85
Q

The subdural space has threadlike projections that bridge into what?

A

subarachnoid space

86
Q

Where do the threadlike projections attach?

A

pia mater

87
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

88
Q

What are the specialized projections of the arachnoid tissue called?

A

arachnoid villi

89
Q

Where doe the arachnoid villi protrude/ attach?

A

through dura mater to allow the cerebrospinal fluid to drain back into the venous blood via the superior sagittal sinus

90
Q

What continually forms the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

choroid plexuses

91
Q

What are the choroid plexuses?

A

small capillary knots hanging from the roof of the ventricles of the brain

92
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

watery cushion that protects the brain tissue against blows to the head

93
Q

What system are the cranial nerves apart of?

A

peripheral nervous system

94
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

95
Q

What is considered a continuation of the brain?

A

spinal cord

96
Q

What is the spinal cord enclosed in by?

A

vertebral column

97
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend?

A

foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae

98
Q

What cushions and protects the spinal cord?

A

meninges

99
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

100
Q

What is the collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral column?

A

cauda equina

101
Q

What is the part of the spinal cord that looks like a butterfly or an H?

A

gray matter

102
Q

What are the two posterior protrusions of the gray matter called?

A

dorsal horns

103
Q

What are the two broader anterior projections of the gray matter called?

A

ventral horns

104
Q

What is the lateral outpocketing of gray matter in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the cord?

A

lateral horns

105
Q

The central gray matter surrounds what?

A

central canal

106
Q

What is contained in the central canal

A

cerebrospinal fluid

107
Q

Where do association neurons and sensory fibers enter the cord?

A

dorsal root of the dorsal horn

108
Q

the cell bodies of these sensory neurons are found in what enlarged area of the dorsal root?

A

dorsal root ganglion

109
Q

The ventral horns contain cell bodiest of motor neurons that exit through what?

A

ventral root

110
Q

What is the small area where ventral and dorsal roots combine before splitting off?

A

spinal nerves

111
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord composed of?

A

myelinated fibers

112
Q

White matter is divided into three regions, what are they?

A

posterior
lateral
anterior columns

113
Q

What does each white column contain?

A

fiber tracts

114
Q

What are fiber tracts?

A

axons with the same origin, destination, and function

115
Q

What are dorsal and ventral rami?

A

the divisions right after spinal nerve

116
Q

The ventral rami of all other spinal nerves forms what complex nerve network?

A

plexuses

117
Q

When the ventral rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 pass anteriorly what do they form?

A

intercostal nerves

118
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

arises from the ventral rami of c1 through c5 and supplies muscles of the shoulder and neck

119
Q

What is the major motor branch of this plexus?

A

phrenic nerve

120
Q

Which vertebrae ventral rami roots form phrenic nerve?

A

C3-C5

121
Q

What nerve arises from the ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1

A

brachial plexus

122
Q

The brachial plexus divides into what?

A

5 major peripheral nerves

123
Q

What nerve serves the muscles and skin of the shoulder?

A

axillary nerve

124
Q

What is the radial nerve?

A

passes down the posterolateral surface of the limb supplying all the extensor muscles of the arm forearm and hand and the skin

125
Q

What is the median nerve?

A

passes down the anterior surface of the arm to supply most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and several muscles in the lateral part of the hand

126
Q

What is the musclocutaneous nerve?

A

supplies the arm muscles that flex the forearm and the skin of the lateral surface of the forearm

127
Q

What is the ulnar nerve?

A

travels down the posteromedial surface of the arm, supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and all intrinsic muscles of the hand not served by the median nerve

128
Q

What is the lumbar plexus?

A

arises from ventral rami of L1 through L4 and serves the anteromedial thigh and lower abdominal region

129
Q

What is the largest nerves of the lumbar plexus?

A

femoral nerve

130
Q

What is the femoral nerve?

A

innervates the anterior thigh muscles

131
Q

What is the sacral plexus?

A

arises from L4 and S4 and supply the buttock and posterior thigh and virtually all of the leg and foot

132
Q

What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus?

A

sciatic nerve

133
Q

What is the sciatic nerve?

A

largest nerve in the body, travels through the greater sciatic notch and down the posterior thigh serving its flexor muscles and skin

134
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into?

A

common fibular nerve and tibial nerve

135
Q

What does the common fibular nerve and tibial nerve supply

A

the balance of the leg and foot

Anatomy Lab (11 decks)

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