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Anatomy Lab > Week 7 Study Cards > Flashcards

Week 7 Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What is the color of blood?

A

bright scarlet to dull brick red

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2
Q

What determines the color of blood?

A

how much oxygen there is

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3
Q

how many liters of blood does the human body contain?

A

5.5 L

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4
Q

What is blood classified as?

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

What is plasma?

A

non living fluid matrix

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6
Q

What are formed elements?

A

living cells

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7
Q

When do the fibers of blood become visible?

A

when clotting occurs

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8
Q

What composes the fibers of blood?

A

fibrin threads

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9
Q

How many substances are dissolved or suspended in blood?

A

more than 100 different substances

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10
Q

What is the main composition of blood plasma?

A

water

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11
Q

What percent composition is water in the blood?

A

90%

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12
Q

What are the three types of formed elements in the blood?

A

1) erythrocytes
2) leukocytes
3) platelets

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13
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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14
Q

What is the structure/ function of red blood cells?

A

sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport oxygen and small amounts of carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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16
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

body’s nonspecific defenses and the immune system

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17
Q

What are platelets’ function?

A

function in hemostasis (blood clot formation)

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18
Q

What percent does formed elements account for?

A

45%

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19
Q

What percentage does plasma account for?

A

55%

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20
Q

What makes up the 10% of blood that is not water?

A

salts, ions, proteins

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21
Q

What makes red blood cells different from other cells in blood?

A

anucleate when mature (no nucleus)

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22
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells?

A

100-120 days

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23
Q

What is more typical, red blood cells or white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

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24
Q

Why are leukocytes more common?

A

they have a nucleus and can reproduce

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25
Q

What are the two group classifications of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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26
Q

What are granulocytes

A

they have granules in their cytoplasm stain differentially with Wrights stain and they have peculiar nuclei consisting of lobes of nuclear material connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm

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27
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

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28
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils?

A

50-70%

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29
Q

What is unique about neutophil nuclei?

A

lobed of 3-7 lobes

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30
Q

What is the function of neutrophil?

A

active phagocytes, increase in number during active infections

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31
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are eosinophil?

A

2-4%

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32
Q

What is the eosinophil nucleus look like?

A

figure 8 or bilobed in shape

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33
Q

What is the function of eosinophil?

A

increase in number during allergies and parasite infections

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34
Q

What percentage does basophils make up of white blood cells?

A

0.5-1%

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35
Q

What does the nucleus of a basophil look like?

A

large U or S shaped nucleus and has coarse sparse granules

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36
Q

What does the granules in basophils contain and how does this aid to its function?

A

contains chemicals including histamine, a vasodilator that helps mediate the inflammatory response

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37
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

have no observable cytoplasmic granuls

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38
Q

Where are agranulocytes abundantly found?

A

in lymphoid tissues

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39
Q

What is the typical agranulocyte nuclei look like?

A

round, shperical, oval, or kidney shaped

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40
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocyte

monocyte

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41
Q

What are lymphocytes/ function?

A

warrior of the immune system

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42
Q

What percentage of white blood cells does lymphocytes make up?

A

25%-45%

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43
Q

What is unique about the nucleus of the lymphocyte?

A

very large with little cytoplasm

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44
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

active phagocyte in long-term cleanup team, increasin in number during chronic infections

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45
Q

What percentage of white blood cells does a monocyte make up?

A

3-8%

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46
Q

What is unique about the monocyte’s nucleus?

A

kidney bean shaped

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47
Q

What are platelets fragments of?

A

megakaryocytes

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48
Q

what is the normal platelet count in blood?

A

150,000 to 400,000 per cubic mm

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49
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured

50
Q

What is the average number of cells per cubic millimeter

A

4800 to 10800

51
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

an abnormally high WBC count, indicating bacterial or viral infection, hemorrhage, or poisoning by drugs or chemicals

52
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

abnormally low white blood cell count which may indicate measles, infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, excessive antibiotic or X-ray therapy

53
Q

What is leukemia?

A

malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissue characterized by uncontrolled cell division of abnormal WBC and the reduction RBC and platelets

54
Q

What is the normall RBC count average per cubic mm?

A
  1. 2-5.4 million cells for women

4. 7-6.1 for men

55
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

increase in the number of RBC may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes where less oxygen is available

56
Q

What is anemia?

A

low RBC

57
Q

What does the term anemia indicate?

A

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood that may result from a decrease in RBC number or size or a decreased hemoglobin content of the RBC

58
Q

What is typically done when anemia is suspected?

A

hematocrit

59
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

centrifuging whole blood spins the formed elements to the bottom, plasma to the top layer

60
Q

What is coagulation?

A

blood clotting

61
Q

What is blood clotting?

A

protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels ruptured

62
Q

What is released first in blood clotting?

A

tissue factor, TF and PF which trigger the clotting mechanism or cascade

63
Q

What do the TF and PF interact with

A

clotting factors and calcium ions

64
Q

What do these form?

A

prothrombin activator

65
Q

What does the prothrobin activator convert>

A

prothrombin to thrombin

66
Q

What is the function of thrombin?

A

acts enzymatically to polymerize the soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble fibrin

67
Q

What does fibrin form?

A

the meshwork of strands that traps the RBC and forms the basis of the clot

68
Q

What is the time frame for clotting?

A

2-6 min

69
Q

What is blood typing?

A

classifying blood based on specific glycoproteins present on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of RBC

70
Q

What are proteins called on the plasma membrane?

A

antigens or agglutinogens

71
Q

What are the plasma proteins that accompany the antigens

A

antibodies

72
Q

What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

A

transportation

73
Q

What is the heart?

A

cone shaped organ approximately the size of a fist

74
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

in the mediastinum of the medial cavity of the thorax

75
Q

What is the heart flanked by?

A

the lungs

76
Q

What rests on the diaphragm at the 5th intercostal space

A

apex

77
Q

what part of the heart lies beneath the second rib and points towards the right shoulder

A

base where great vessels emerge

78
Q

What is the heart enclosed in by??

A

pericardium

79
Q

what is the visceral pericardium?

A

thin epicardium is closely applied to the outer surface of the heart

80
Q

what is the parietal pericardium?

A

outer, loose layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which anchors to diaphragm

81
Q

What fills between these two membrane layers?

A

serous fluid

82
Q

What are the walls of the heart composed primarily of?

A

cardiac muscle, myocardium

83
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

two superior atria, two inferior ventricles

84
Q

What lines these chambers?

A

thing serous membrane endocardium

85
Q

What is the septum that divides the heart longitudinally?

A

interatial or interventricular septum

86
Q

What type of blood does the right atrium and ventricle receive?

A

deoxygenated

87
Q

Where does the blood come from into the right side of the heart?

A

superior and inferior venae cavae

88
Q

What delivers oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

89
Q

What does the right ventricle pump blood into?

A

pulmonary trunk

90
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

A

sends blood to lungs to be oxygenated

91
Q

Where does the left ventricle discharge blood?

A

aorta

92
Q

What is the aorta?

A

divides into systemic arteries of the body to supply the body tissues

93
Q

What enforces a one way flow of blood through the heart?

A

four valves

94
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

located between the atrium and ventricle on each side, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

95
Q

What is the left atrioventricular valves also called?

A

mitral or bicuspid valve

96
Q

What does the bicuspid valve contain to aid in function?

A

two cusps, or flaps of endocardium

97
Q

What does the right atrioventricular valve have to aid in function?

A

3 cusps

98
Q

what is another name for the right atrioventricular valve?

A

tricuspid valve

99
Q

What anchors the cusps to the ventricular walls?

A

chordae tendinae, white collagenic cords

100
Q

What is the second set of valves?

A

pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

101
Q

What is the function of these valves?

A

guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricles.

102
Q

How many cusps are on the semilunar valves?

A

3 cusps

103
Q

How is the heart a double pump?

A

right side serves as pulmonary circulation, the left side serves as systemic circulation

104
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

sends the carbon dioxide rich blood into the lungs to pick up oxygen then back to the heart

105
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

carries oxygen rich blood from the left heart through the body tissues and back to the right heart

106
Q

What is the blood supply of the heart provided by?

A

right and left coronary arteries

107
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from?

A

the base of the aorta and encircle the heart

108
Q

What do the coronary arteries encircle the heart to?

A

coronary sulcus

109
Q

What side of the heart does the right coronary artery supply?

A

posterior surface of the ventricles and the lateral aspect of the right side of the heart

110
Q

How does the right coronary artery supply the heart?

A

through posterior interventricular and marginal artery branches

111
Q

What side does the left coronary artery supply?

A

anterior ventricular walls and the laterodorsal part of the left side of the heart

112
Q

How does the left coronary artery supply the heart?

A

anterior interventrical artery and the circumflex artery

113
Q

What is the myocardium drained by?

A

cardiac veins

114
Q

Where does the dranined blood enter?

A

coronary sinus

115
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

a large vessel on the backside of the heart

116
Q

Where does the coronary sinus along with anterior cardiac veins empty?

A

the right atrium

117
Q

What are auricles?

A

earlike flaps of tissue projecting from the atrial chambers

118
Q

WHich side of the heart is thicker?

A

left

119
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta?

A

brachiocephalic artery

120
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

a remnant of the ductus arteriosus

121
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus allow in fetuses?

A

blood to pass directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing the nonfunctional lungs

Anatomy Lab (11 decks)

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