Week 10 Flashcards
What is the main excretory system
urinary system
What does the urinary system remove
nirtogenous waste
What is the function of the kidneys
maintains the electrolyte, acid base, and fluid balances of the blood
What is the major homeostatic organ of the body
kidneys
Where are the kidneys located
dorsal body wall in the superior lumbar region
Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney
because it is crowded by the liver
What holds the kidneys in place
perirenal fat capsules
What type of organ are the kidneys
retroperitoneal
What diverges from the descending aorta and plunge into the indented medial region of each kidney
renal arteries
What is the name of the area where the renal artery plunges into the kidneys
hilum
What is the function of the renal arteries
bring blood to the kidneys
What is the function of the renal veins
drain the kidneys of circulatory drainage
What is the function of the ureters
drain urine from the kidneys and conduct it to the bladder
What stores the urine
urinary bladder
What drains the bladder
urethra
What is the triangular region of the bladder which is outlined by three openings
trigone
What is the top muscle the helps control outflow of urine
internal urethral sphincter
Is the internal urethral sphincter involuntary or voluntary
involuntary
What is the lower muscle that helps control outflow of urine
external urethral sphicter
Is the external urethral sphincter involuntary or voluntary
voluntary
How long is the male urethra
20 cm
What does the male urethra travel the length of
penis
What are the three named regions of the male urethra
prostatic
membranous
spongy
How long is the female urethra
4 cm
What is the external opening of the female urethra
external urethral orifice
What is the kidney enclosed in by
fibrous capsule
What is the function of the fibrous capsule
prevents infections in surrounding areas from spreading to the kidneys
What is the superficial kidney region which is lighter in color
kidney cortex (renal cortex)
What is deep to the cortex and is a darker reddish brown color
renal medulla
What are the segregated triangular portions of the medulla
renal pyramids
The base of the pyramid points which way
out towards the cortex
What is the point of the pyramid called
apex
What are the areas of tissue, more like the cortex in appearance which separates the medullary pyramids
renal columns
What is medial to the hilum, relatively flat, basin like cavity that is continuous with the ureter
renal pelvis
What is the ureter
exits from the hilum region
What are the fingerlike extensions of the pelvis from cuplike areas
calyces
What is the function of the calyces
collect urine draining continuously from the pyramidal tips into the pelvis
What are little red and blue specks of the cortex
glomeruli
How is blood supplied to the liver
renal arteries
As the renal artery approaches liver what does it do
branch into five branches
What are the five branches called
segmental arteries
What does each segmental artery do?
divides into several lobar arteries
What does each lobar artery do?
branch to form interlobar arteries
Where do the interlobar arteries extend
ascend toward the cortex in the renal column areas
At the top of the medullary region what do the interlobar arteries give off
arcuate arteries, which are branches
What branches off the arcuate arteries
cortical radiate arteries
Where do the cortical radiate arteries go
ascend into the cortex
As the cortical radiate arteries ascend what do they give off
branches of afferent arterioles
What do the afferent arterioles provide
the capillary networks that supply the nephrons or functional units of the kidney
What are the two capillary networks of the kidney
glomeruli and peritubular capillary beds
Blood draining from the nephron capillary networks enters what
cortical radiate veins
What do the cortical radiate veins drain into
arcuate veins and interlobar veins
What do the arcuate veins and interlobar veins drain into
renal vein
What is the anatomical units responsible for forming urine
nephrons
What does each nephron consist of
glomerulus and renal tubule
What is a glomerulus
capillary knot
What is the enlarged end of the tubule encasing the glomerulus
glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
The inner wall of the glomerulus wall consists of specialized cells called
podocytes
What are the long branching processes of the podocytes called
foot processes
What do the podocytes form
porous membrane around the glomerulus
What is the descending portion of the tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
What is the name of the curve in the tubule
loop of Henle
What is the ascending portion of the tubule
distal convoluted tubule
What are most of the nephrons specifically called
cortical nephrons
What are the nephrons located close to the cortex medulla junction called
juxtamedullary nephrons
What is the part that receives urine from the many nephrons and runs downward through the medullary pyramids to empty the urine product into the calyces and pelvis
collecting ducts
How is the glomerlus a high pressure bed along its entire length
1) fed and drained by arterioes (higher resistance vessel)
2) the feeder afferent arteriole is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole draining the bed
What does this pressure created do?
forces out fluid and blood components smaller than protein from the glomerlus into the glomerular capsule
What arises from the effernet arteriole draining the glomerulus
peritubular capillary bed
What type of pressure are the peritubular capillary beds
low pressure
What is the effect of low pressure
adaped for absorption and readily take up of solutes and water reclaimed from the filtrate by the tubule cells
What is the yellow color of urine due to
urochrome
What does urochrome result from
breakdown of hemoglobin
What give urine the ammonia like odor
bacterial action
What is the pH of urine
6.0
What is specific gravity
relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water
What is kidney inflammation
pyelonephritis
What occurs when the solutes begin to precipitate or crystalliz
kidney stones or renal calculi
What is the biological function of the reproductive system
perpetuate the species
What is the reproductive role of the male
to manufacture sperm and deliver them to the female reproductive tract
What is the reproductive role of the female
produces eggs and nurture and protect the embroyo until birth
What are the primary sex organs of the male
testes and gonads
What type of function do these sex organs have
endocrine and exocrine
What is the endocrine function of the male sex organs
sperm production
What is the exocrine function of the male sex organs
testosterone production
Where do the paired oval testes lie
scrotal sac
Where is the scrotal sac located
outside the abdominopelvic cavity
What is the function of the scrotal sac
keep the temperature there slightly lower than body temperature to produce viable sperm
What are the accesory structures forming the duct system
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
What is the epididymis
elongated structure running up the posterolateral aspect of the testis and capping its superior aspect
What is the function of the epididymis
site for immature sperm to mature
What is the ductus deferens
sperm ducts
Where does the ductus deferens run
superiorly from the epididymis, through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and arches over the superior aspect of the urinary bladder
What is the ductus deferens enclosed in by
blood vessels and nerves in a connective tissue sheath
What is this sheath called
spermatic cord
What does the end of the ductus deferens empty into
ejaculatory duct
What does contraction of the ejaculatory duct do
propel sperm through prostate gland to the prostatic urethra
What does the prostatic urethra empty into
membranous urethra
What does the membranous urethra empty into
spongy penile urethra
What are accessory glands of the male reproductive system
prostate, seminal glands, bulbo-urethral glands
What do the glands produce
seminal fluid
What is the seminal fluid
liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body
What are seminal glands (vesicles)
produce a thick alkaline secretion containing fructose and other substances that nourish or activate the sperm passing through
What is the function of the prostate
secretion of milky fluid into the urethra which plays a role in activating the sperm
What are the bulbo-urethral glands
tiny, pea shaped glands inferior to the prostate
What is the function of the bulbo-urethral glands
produce a thick clear mucus that drains into the membranous urethra
What is the function of the clear mucus produced by the bulbo urethral glands
to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculation of semen occurs
What is the part of the external genitalia of the male
penis
What does the shaft terminates into
enlarged tip, glans
What is the skin that reflects downward to form a fold of skin
prepuce or foreskin
What is the process in which the foreskin is removed
circumcision
What is it causes when the cylinders in the penis fill with blood
erection
What is the dense capsule of the testis
tunica albuginea
What type of tissue makes up the capsule of the testis
dense connective tissue capsule
Extensions of the tunca albuginea do what
divide the testis into a number of lobes
What do the lobes of the testis house
seminiferous tubules
What is the seminiferous tubules function
sperm forming factories
What do the seminiferous tubules empty the sperm into
rete testis
Where does the rete testis empty
epididymis
What lies in the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells
What is the function of the interstitial cells
produce testosterone
What are the three regions of sperm
head, midpiece and tail
What is contained in the head of the sperm
DNA of the chromosomes
What is anterior to the nucleus
acrosome
What is the function of the acrosome
contains enzymes involved in sperm penetration of the egg
What are the primary sex organs of the femal
ovaries
What type of function is the ovaries
endocrine and exocrine
What is the endocrine function of the ovaries
estrogens and progesterone
What is the exocrine function of the ovaries
produce an egg
What does the external genitalia consist of
mons pubis, labia majora and minora, the clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices and greater vestibular glands
What is the mons pubis
rounded fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
What are the labia majora
two elongated hair covered skin folds
What is enclosed in the labia majora
labia minora
What are the labia minora
hair free folds
The labia minora encloses what
vestibule
What is the vestibule
contains the clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice
What is the clitoris
highly sensitive erectile tissue and is hooded by a prepuce
What is the urethral orifice
outlet for the urinary system and has no reproductive function
What is the vaginal opening flanked by
greater vestibular glands
What does the greater vestibular glands secrete
mucus for lubrication
What do the internal female organs include
vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and structures that suspend these organs
What is the vagina
copulatory organ and birth canal and permits the menstrual flow to pass
How long is the vagina
4 inches
What is the pear shaped organ
uterus
What is the uterus
muscular organ with its narrow end directed inferiorly
What is the narrow end of the uterus
cirvix
What is the major portion of the uterus
body
WHat is the uterus’s superior rounded region above the entrance of the uterine tubes
fundus
Where do the uterine or fallopian tubes enter the uterus
the superior part about 10 cm toward the ovaries
The distal end of the fallopian tubes have fingerlike projections called what
fimbriae
What is the fold that encloses the uterine tubes and uterus and secures them to the lateral body walls
body ligament
What help attach the uterus to the body wall
round ligaments and uterosacral ligaments
What are the ovaries supported by medially
ovarian ligament
What are the ovaries supported by laterally
suspensory ligaments
What do the eggs begin their development in
saclike structures called follicles
What do the follicles produce
estrogens
When the egg reaches the stage of maturity, it is ejected from the ovary in the even tcalled
ovulation
THe ruptured follicle is then converted to what which secretes progesterone
corpus luteum
What is the outermost layer of the ovary
germinal epithelium
What are the one or a few layers of the cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the larger central developing ovum
primary follicle
What are follicles consisting of several layers of follicle cells surrounding the central devolepoing ovum and beginning to show evidence of fluid accumulation in a central cavity
secondary follicles (growing)
What is the stage of development that the follicle has a large antrum containing fluid
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
THe developing ovum is pushed to one side of the follicle and is surrounded by a capsule of several layers of follicle cells called
corona radiata
What is a solid glandular structure or a structure containing a scalloped lumen that develops from the ovulated follicle. Produces both estrogens and progesterone
corpus luteum
